Modules and ObjectOriented Programming Modules Packages Programming in

Modules and Object-Oriented Programming

Modules (Packages) Programming in the Large Information hiding • Limit the ways in which one part of the program can access another. • Allow proprietary software to be called without the technique being published. Separate compilation.

Separate compilation and linking Compiler produces • Import table: List of imported symbols • Export table: List of exported symbols • Relocation table: List of “absolute” addresses used in code. Imported symbol in code compiles into reference in import table. Absolute address in code is listed in relocation table.

Two-pass linker Pass 1: Find absolute addresses for all static entities (objects and code). Extract library functions used. Pass 2: Replace all imported and “absolute” addresses in compiled code with true absolute addresses.

Package declaration (Ada) package Stacks is type Stack is private; procedure Push(S: in out Stack; X: in out Integer) procedure Pop(S: in out Stack; X: out Integer) function “=“(S, T: Stack) return Boolean; (from Barnes, Programming in Ada-95)

private Max: constant : = 100; type Integer. Vector is array(Integer range <> of Integer) type Stack is record S: Integer. Vector(1. . Max); Top: Integer range (0. . Max) : = 0; end record; end;

Package body package body Stacks is procedure Push(S: in out Stack; X: in Integer) is begin S. Top : = S. Top+1; S. S(S. Top) : = X; end Push etc.

Package use declare use Stacks; St : Stack; begin Push(St, N); … Pop(St, M); end;

Information hiding in packages type Stack: Fields Stack. S and Stack. Top are externally visible. type Stack is private: Only assignment, =, and /= are visible. type Stack is limited private: Only visible functions are those declared so by user.

Java programming language • Developed by James Gosling at Sun. Released 1995 • Primary goals: – – – Simple, object oriented, familiar Robust and secure Architecture neutral High performance Interpreted, threaded, and dynamic • Large software libraries

Object-oriented programming • Information hiding as in modules • Viewpoint shift. A module is just a hunk o’ code. An object is an active data structure. • Class hierarchy and inheritance • Dynamic method binding

Let X be an object of class C with method M. Is “X. M(N)” anything more than syntactic sugar for “C_M(X, N)”? • Yes, with dynamic method binding. • With inheritance, syntactic sugar is not to be sneezed at.

Class definition • Data members (fields) • Subroutine members (methods) • Base class and derived class.

Class definition in Java public class Rectangle { private float x. Span, y. Span; public Rectangle() { this(1. 0, 1. 0); } public Rectangle(float x, float y) { set. Rect(x, y); } public void set. Rect(float x, float y) { x. Span=x; y. Span=y; } public float x. Top() { return x. Span; } public float x. Bot() { return 0. 0; } … }

Derived class in Java public class located. Rectangle extends Rectangle { private float x. L, y. L; // lower left corner public located. Rectangle() { set. Corner(0. 0, 0. 0); } public void set. Corner(float xa, float ya) { x. L = xa; y. L = ya; } public float x. Top() { return x. L+x. Span; } public float x. Bot() { return x. L; } … }

Creating an object in Java { located. Rectangle R, Q; // declaration float X; R = new located. Rectangle(); Q = R; X = R. x. Top(); } /* R and Q are pointers to the same heap object. Constructors are invoked in order from superclass to subclass. */

Dynamic method binding Rectangle A; located. Rectangle R 1, R 2; R 1 = new located. Rectangle(); A = R 1; // Cast from sub to super R 2 = (located. Rectangle) A; // downcast … A. x. Top() …; // dynamic method: uses // x. Top() for located. Rectangle // not for Rectangle

“final” classes and methods A class declared “final” cannot be have a derived class. A method declared “final” cannot be overridden. Any declared use of a final class or method can be resolved at compile time, and saves the overhead of dynamic disambiguation.

Dynamic method binding: Implementation in vtables

Method access through vtables Rectangle A; … A. x. Top() … compiles to Follow A to the heap object. Follow vtable pointer to vtable. Follow vtable[1] to code for A. x. Top In all classes derived from Rectangle, x. Top is vtable[1].

Abstract classes A method with no body is abstract. A class with an abstract method is abstract. Abstract classes cannot have objects; they can only have derived classes. Used to provide a “hook” for dynamic method binding.

Example: Apply a function to every member of an array. We will discuss four solutions to this: • Abstract classes in OOP • Interfaces in OOP • Generics • Functional parameters

Example: applier. java abstract class Array. Applier { public abstract int f(int x); public void Apply. To. Array(int[] A, int[] B) { for (int i=0; i < A. length; i++) B[i] =f(A[i]); } } class apply. Incr extends Array. Applier { public int f(int i) { return i+1; } }

Using the abstract class public class applier { public static void main(String args[]) { int A[] = new int[] {1, 2, 3}; int B[] = new int[3]; apply. Incr = new apply. Incr(); apply. Double Doub = new apply. Doub(); Incr. Apply. To. Array(A, B); Doub. Apply. To. Array(A, B); } }

Interfaces • • Interface I: A collection of abstract methods Class C implements I, instantiates Q. Method M declares a variable of type I. M is called with object of type C. M’s call to X. Q uses C’s definition of Q. interface I { public void Q(); } class C implements I { public void Q() { Body of C’s Q }} public void M(I X) { … X. Q(); … } C P = new C(); // In some other method M(P);

Multiple implementations A class can extend only one base class, but may implement many interfaces. Some say that this achieves a kind of multiple inheritance.

Example: applier 2. java interface Int. Fun { public int f(int x); } class Incr implements Int. Fun { public int f(int i) { return i+1; } public class applier 2 { public static void Apply. To. Array(Int. Fun Q, int[] A, int[] B) { for (i=0; i<A. length; i++) B[i]=Q. f(A[i]); }

applier 2. java (cntd) public static void main(String args[]) { int A[] = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }; int B[] = new int[3]; Incr Inc = new Incr(); Apply. To. Array(Inc, A, B): } } // end applier 2

Test. Visitor. java: Features • Hiding of data fields: Standard OOP practice. Small methods are compiled inline. E. g. x. get. Child() is compiled as if it were x. child. • Dynamic method biding of (x. get. Child()). accept to A’s accept or B’s accept. • “Visitor” design pattern for coding

Test. Interface. java: Features • Use of interface allows different visitors over the same data structure. Different visitors may process nodes differently or may choose different paths to traverse. • Replace visit. A and visit. B by overloading visit. Doesn’t affect functionality or expressivity. Elegant or confusing?

Point of the visitor design A data structure with multiple types. Here A and B. More realistically, an expression tree with additive nodes, multiplicative nodes etc. Various operations to do on this data structure. Each operation acts differently on different types. Here My. Visitor and Dumb. Visitor. More realistically, evaluate, pretty print, optimize, search, etc.

You don’t want to build the code for the operations into the data structure types. You don’t want to write in the operation if (x instance. Of A) process. A((A) x) else if (x instance. Of B) process. B((B) x) else … which is ugly, type unsafe, and slow.

Overloading and Inheritance The type of the formal parameter must be a supertype of the actual parameter. A method name may be overloaded with parameters that are subtypes of one another. (See Test. Overload. java) If so, use the most specific match. If “most specific match” is ambiguous, compiler error. (Test. Overload 1. java)

C++ OOP vs. Java • Objects can be stack variables • Static method binding is the default. To get dynamic binding, declare method as “virtual”. • Multiple inheritance: A derived type may extend several base types. Complicated rules for constructors etc. If method call is ambiguous, error. Dynamic binding is difficult.