Module TokenRing Technology Ring Topology Characteristics May 1996

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Module Token-Ring Technology

Module Token-Ring Technology

Ring Topology Characteristics May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 2

Ring Topology Characteristics May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 2

Ring attachment u What happens if a station is switched off ? May 1996

Ring attachment u What happens if a station is switched off ? May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 3

Logical Ring / Physical Star From RO on Previous MAU RI RO TO RI

Logical Ring / Physical Star From RO on Previous MAU RI RO TO RI on Next MAU Relay May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 4

Ring in / Ring out RI RO RO RI Back-up Ring Path From RO

Ring in / Ring out RI RO RO RI Back-up Ring Path From RO on Previous MAU RI RO Main Ring Path Inserted To RI on Next MAU BY-PASS May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 5

Primary / Back-up Path u u u What happens if the cable is removed

Primary / Back-up Path u u u What happens if the cable is removed between the MAUs? What happens if RI is Connected to RI on the next MAU? What happens if the cable breaks between the two MAUs? Primary Path RI RO RO RI Back-up Path RI RO RO RI May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 6

Maximum Stations on a Ring u IBM · · · Specification (old) STP UTP

Maximum Stations on a Ring u IBM · · · Specification (old) STP UTP Cat 2 UTP Cat 3 UTP Cat 4/5 u 802. 5 · · · 4 Mbps 16 Mbps 4 Mbps 16 Mbps 260 72 72 72 132 Specification (new) STP UTP UTP Active LAM 4 Mbps 16 Mbps 250 144 250 72 72 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 7

Token-Ring Cabling

Token-Ring Cabling

Cabling System Overview Ÿ A 1 Ÿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cabling System Overview Ÿ A 1 Ÿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B 3 Workstations Distribution Panel A B C D E F G H Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Multistation Access Units Faceplate Workstations G 2 Adapter Cables H 2 19” Rack Workstation A 1 and B 3 connected to same network Workstation G 2 and H 2 connected to same network Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 9 May 1996

Wiring System Overview u Cabling limitations u Requirement for worst-case calculations u Where is

Wiring System Overview u Cabling limitations u Requirement for worst-case calculations u Where is the signal regenerated ? u What are the limitations ? 1 A=100 m B=100 m 4 2 D=100 m C=100 m Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 10 3 May 1996

IBM Cabling System u u u u Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type

IBM Cabling System u u u u Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 5 J Type 6 Type 8 Type 9 Copper Two AWG 22 Main Paths work Area’s to wiring closet Copper Two AWG 22 Copper Four AWG 26 Work Area to wiring closet Fiber Two Fibers 100/140 Main Paths inter building Fiber Two Fibers 50/125 Main Paths work Area’s to wiring close Stranded Two 26 AWG Main Paths work Area’s to wiring closet Copper Two 22 AWG Main Paths work Area’s to wiring closet Copper Two AWG 26 Main Paths ( Plenum) Work Area to wiring closet May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 11

IBM Wiring Distance 4 Mbps (Type 1, 2) Number of Racks M A U’

IBM Wiring Distance 4 Mbps (Type 1, 2) Number of Racks M A U’ s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1 385 380 375 370 365 360 355 350 345 340 335 330 2 370 365 360 355 350 345 340 335 330 325 320 315 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 3 4 360 355 350 345 340 335 330 325 320 315 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 255 250 245 240 235 230 225 220 215 210 205 5 6 7 8 9 10 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 255 250 245 240 235 230 225 220 215 210 205 200 195 190 185 180 175 Meters 340 335 330 325 320 315 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 255 250 245 240 235 230 225 220 215 210 205 200 195 190 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 12

IBM Wiring Distance 16 Mbps (Type 1, 2) Number of Racks 1 M A

IBM Wiring Distance 16 Mbps (Type 1, 2) Number of Racks 1 M A U' s 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 173 2 170 160 3 166 151 4 162 152 147 142 5 158 143 138 133 6 154 144 139 134 129 124 7 146 135 130 125 120 115 8 142 131 126 121 116 111 106 9 138 127 122 117 112 107 102 97 10 134 123 118 113 108 103 98 93 88 11 131 121 119 114 109 104 99 94 89 84 12 117 116 111 106 101 96 91 86 81 13 112 107 102 97 92 87 82 77 14 109 108 103 98 93 88 83 78 73 15 104 99 94 89 84 79 74 69 16 101 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 17 97 96 91 86 81 76 71 66 61 18 93 93 87 83 77 72 67 62 57 19 85 88 83 78 73 68 63 58 53 20 77 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 21 69 72 67 62 57 52 47 42 37 22 61 65 59 54 49 44 39 34 29 23 53 56 51 46 41 36 31 26 21 24 48 43 38 33 28 23 18 13 25 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 26 32 27 22 17 12 7 27 23 18 13 8 3 28 15 10 5 29 7 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 13

UTP “Unshielded Twisted Pair” Cabling u UTP cable specifications are defined in EIA/TIA-568 ·

UTP “Unshielded Twisted Pair” Cabling u UTP cable specifications are defined in EIA/TIA-568 · u u Category 1: Voice only Category 2: Low-speed data. · · u Intended for data transmission rates up to 10 Mbps. Fall in this category AT&T Systimax PDS LAN cable 1010 Category 4: Data, through 20 MHz. · u This category of cable can only be used in 4 Mbps Token-Ring IBM cabling system Type 3 Media fall in this category Category 3: Data, through 16 MHz. · u Commercial Building Wiring Standard with EIA/TIA Technical Systems Bulletin No. 36 which defines 5 categories of unshielded four-pair 100 ohm UTP cable: Intended for data transmission rates up to 16 Mbps. 1061/2061 Fall in this category AT&T Systimax PDS LAN cable Category 5: Data, through 100 MHz. · Intended for data transmission rates up to 100 Mbps Token-Ring cabling Exceeds the requirements for 16 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 14

UTP Cabling Distances u IEEE 802. 5 Recommend · it is recommended that the

UTP Cabling Distances u IEEE 802. 5 Recommend · it is recommended that the concentrator manufacturer provide a table that shows the maximum supported cable length ( budget), for the types of media specified in ANSI/EIA/TIA 568 A for passive concentrators. u This is due to complex calculations Cable_Budget=( 19 - ( CLATT+CLSQA) - ( n-1) ( CTATT+CTSQA+0. 1)) / 2( CA) CA = Cable Attenuation d. B / meter N = Number of concentrators CLATT = Concentrator Maximum flat attenuation CTATT= Concentrator Trunk flat loss CLSQA= frequency dependent loss May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 15

Olicom Lobe length UTP MAU 16 Mbps Lobe 1: Belden 1154 A T 3

Olicom Lobe length UTP MAU 16 Mbps Lobe 1: Belden 1154 A T 3 M E 34972 24 AWG Lobe 2: AT&T-D Systimax PDS FE 2061 1061 4/24 T (UL) TYPE CMP (Category 4) Lobe 3: AT&T-D CD DIW 4/24 (UL) TYPE CMR No of Adapters No of MAU Lobe 1 Meters Lobe 2 Meters Lobe 3 Meters 1 - 8 9 - 16 17 - 24 1 2 3 125 122 120 87 84 82 105 - 112 113 - 120 121 - 128 14 15 16 55 53 51 98 96 94 60 58 56 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 82 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61 59 57 118 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 49 47 45 43 41 38 36 34 32 92 90 88 86 84 81 79 77 75 54 52 50 48 46 43 41 39 37 - 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 - 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 16

Cable Drive Distance c. d . a b . Drive distance with longest lobe

Cable Drive Distance c. d . a b . Drive distance with longest lobe active is: a + b + c + 2 x d +3 x e ( 20+ 30+ 80 + 200 + 15 ) = 345 m Example: a = 20 m b = 30 m c = 80 m d = 100 m e = 5 m per MAU (general guide-line) c b d Worst case: drive distance with longest lobe active is: 2 x (b + c + d + 3 x e) 2 x ( 30 + 80+ 100 + 15 ) = 450 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 17

Adjusted Ring Length (Longest lobe lgth) Token-Ring Wiring Components u ARL: · Used for

Adjusted Ring Length (Longest lobe lgth) Token-Ring Wiring Components u ARL: · Used for problem determination · is the length of the main ring with the shortest segment removed · ARL + longest lobe length is max. 385 m (4 Mbps) or 173 m (16 Mbps) c d a b ARL = (a + b + c + 3 x e) - a = ARL= ( 20 + 30+ 80 +15 ) -20 = 125 m Longest lobe (4 Mbps) is 385 -125 = 260 m Longest lobe (16 Mbps) is 173 -125 = 48 m Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 18 Example: a = 20 m b = 30 m c = 80 m d = 100 m e = 5 m per MAU (general guide-line) May 1996

CAU Cabling Distance ease Calculations u CAU functions as a repeater · Always at

CAU Cabling Distance ease Calculations u CAU functions as a repeater · Always at two adapters in Main Ring u Maximum Lobe length Backup Path or Internal Ring In Ring Out May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 19

STP Connector wiring Black Orange Green Red May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00

STP Connector wiring Black Orange Green Red May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 20

UTP Connector wiring RJ-45 1 2 3= LRX-A 4= LTX-A 5= LTX-B 6= LRX-B

UTP Connector wiring RJ-45 1 2 3= LRX-A 4= LTX-A 5= LTX-B 6= LRX-B 7 8 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 21

Questions A 50 m 20 m 30 m 118 m 80 m B Token-Ring

Questions A 50 m 20 m 30 m 118 m 80 m B Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 22 C May 1996

Answers to exercise A. What is the max. Lobe length in the above configuration

Answers to exercise A. What is the max. Lobe length in the above configuration when 4 Mbps is used. 152 meters B. What is the max. Lobe length in the above configuration when 16 Mbps is used. Will NOT work C. Will the max. lobe length change, if station C is powered off D. What is the cable impedance for STP cabling E. What is the cable impedance for UTP CAT 5 cabling 100 Ohm F. CAN the STP / UTP Cabling be mixed on the Main Ring 150 Ohm NO May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 23 NO

Token-Ring Protocol

Token-Ring Protocol

Token Passing Ring u u u When a frame reaches an addressed station, the

Token Passing Ring u u u When a frame reaches an addressed station, the frame is copied and the station sets the Frame Copied bit. Sending station removes the frame again by changing the frame into a Token. Where is the signal a token, and where is it a frame? Transmitting Station A B Receiving Station D C Token Frame SD AC Frame Dest SRC Routing Data Control Addr info ED FS Starting Delimiter Access Control Ending Delimiter May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 25

Early Token Release “Think Big” u The sending station issues a token just after

Early Token Release “Think Big” u The sending station issues a token just after transmission of frame. u Several frames - only one token Token Starting Delimiter 4 Mbps 1 Bit = 50 Meters Token = 1 200 meters Min Frame = 10 000 meters 16 Mbps 1 Bit = 12. 5 meters Token = 300 meters Min Frame = 2 00 meters SD AC Frame Control Dest Addr SRC Addr Routing info Access Control Data ED Ending Delimiter A B FS Token Starting Delimiter Access Control Ending Delimiter D Frame SD AC Frame Control Dest Addr SRC Addr Routing info Data ED FS C May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 26

Token Passing Ring u Transmit upon receipt of a free token u Change the

Token Passing Ring u Transmit upon receipt of a free token u Change the Token into a frame. Token SD Starting Delimiter 1 Byte AC ED Access Control Ending Delimiter 1 Byte Frame SD AC Frame Dest SRC Routing Data Control Addr info ED FS May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 27

Station Insertion and Wire Test Phase 0: Lobe Test Physical insertion Phase 1: Active

Station Insertion and Wire Test Phase 0: Lobe Test Physical insertion Phase 1: Active Monitor Detect Phase 2: Duplicate Address check Phase 3: Neighbor Notification Phase 4: Request Initialization May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 28

Ring Management u Why is management of the ring needed? u What kind of

Ring Management u Why is management of the ring needed? u What kind of management is required ? A B D C May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 29

Management Functions u Active Monitor u Ring Error Monitor u Ring Parameter Server u

Management Functions u Active Monitor u Ring Error Monitor u Ring Parameter Server u Configuration Report Server May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 30

The Active Monitor and the Standby Monitor u Detection/recovery of circulation tokens or frames

The Active Monitor and the Standby Monitor u Detection/recovery of circulation tokens or frames u Detection/recovery of lost tokens or frames u Detection/recovery of multiple tokens u Detection/recovery of multiple Active Monitors u Master clocking + 24 bit delay u Initiate/Monitor Neighbor Notification May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 31

Ring Purge Active Monitor Purge frame • Check propagation • Reset stations • Restart

Ring Purge Active Monitor Purge frame • Check propagation • Reset stations • Restart timers May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 32

Claim Token “Select Active Monitor” u Used to select an ACTIVE Monitor u The

Claim Token “Select Active Monitor” u Used to select an ACTIVE Monitor u The Highest MAC address u Claim Token Transmit u Claim Token Repeat A B D C May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 33

“Hard Errors” and beaconing u “Hard errors” are permanent faults that stop normal traffic

“Hard Errors” and beaconing u “Hard errors” are permanent faults that stop normal traffic on the ring. u When a station detects a “hard error” it starts sending Beacon MAC frames at specified interval until the signal is restored or the station removes itself. u Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN) goes off-line after some Beacons u The station goes off-line u Management is informed · a set of addresses is provided · by the station for location of fault May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 34

Soft Errors u Caused by temporary disruptions · CRC errors etc. . . u

Soft Errors u Caused by temporary disruptions · CRC errors etc. . . u Recovery is normally handled by upper layer protocols. u Critical soft error is monitored in each station u Reported to the Ring Error Monitor address u If threshold values are exceeded, a LAN Manager is informed. May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 35

Keeping the station busy with all this protocol handling? u Not at all, ·

Keeping the station busy with all this protocol handling? u Not at all, · this is handled by the Token Ring Chipset u Only frames addressed to the station and broadcast / multicast frames will interrupt the PC u In promiscuous mode all frames will be delivered to the PC. Token-Ring Chipset May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 36

MAC Addressing • Individual Addresses Universally Administered Locally Administered • Group Addresses Standard Group

MAC Addressing • Individual Addresses Universally Administered Locally Administered • Group Addresses Standard Group Addresses Functional Addresses Broadcast Address Null Address May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 37

Functional Addresses Active Monitor C 0 00 00 00 Ring Parameter Server C 0

Functional Addresses Active Monitor C 0 00 00 00 Ring Parameter Server C 0 00 00 02 Ring Error Monitor C 0 00 00 08 Configuration Report Server C 0 00 0010 Net. BIOS C 0 00 00 80 Bridge C 0 00 01 00 CAU / CAM C 0 00 00 00 10 00 May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 38

Frame Formats DSAP SSAP C I LLC Frame SD AC FC DA SA RI

Frame Formats DSAP SSAP C I LLC Frame SD AC FC DA SA RI Token SD AC FC 3 byte DSAP SSAP C I SD AC FC DA SA RI FCS ED FS MAC = Destination Service Access Point (8 bits) = Source Service Access Point (8 bits) = Control = Information = Starting Delimiter = Access Control = Frame Control = Destination Address (6 bytes) = Source Address (6 bytes) = Routing Information (Optional) = Frame Check Sequence = Ending Delimiter = Frame Status May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 39

Frame Formats SD AC FC 1 b 1 b 1 b Destination Address 6

Frame Formats SD AC FC 1 b 1 b 1 b Destination Address 6 byte Source Address Routing Info 6 byte DSAP SSAP Net. BIOS Header Information Field min. 1 byte Control Field Information Field User Data Server Message Block MAC FC ED FS Frame Format 4 b 1 b 1 b LLC Frame Format Net. BIOS SMB May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 40

Exercise u LAN Analyzer · Connect the LAN Analyzer to the network. · Which

Exercise u LAN Analyzer · Connect the LAN Analyzer to the network. · Which station is the Active Monitor? · Disable the Active Monitor and trace the selection of new Active Monitor. Which station is selected? · Introduce a Beacon situation - and trace it! Explain the beaconing process! May 1996 Token-Ring Technology Rev. 1. 00 Page 41