Module D in the building life cycle significance

Module D in the building life cycle: significance based on a case study analysis Laetitia DELEM, Lisa WASTIELS Sustainable construction, Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), lde@bbri. be

Module D? § EN 15978/15804: Building life cycle = modules A, B, C § Materials for recycling/reuse/ energy recovery: § Impacts of transport/waste processing up to EOW (e. g. transport, processing) →Module A, B, C End of Waste (EOW) Waste framework directive: • Commonly used for specific purpose • Fulfils the technical requirements for that purpose • Market demand • use will not lead to adverse environmental/health effects Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Module D § Potential benefits and loads beyond EOW? → module D (additional, optional information) § Benefit from avoided primary production § Loads: E. g. further processing/transport up to the point where secondary resource replaces primary resources (=point of functional equivalence) End of Waste (EOW) Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Objective § Module D not often calculated (optional until now) § Based on a case study, get an insight in § The relative importance of module D § Main materials contributing to module D § Identify difficulties, data-gaps, assumptions and methodological issues related to the calculation of module D → “The practical use of module D in a building case study: assumptions, limitations and methodological issues” SBE 19, Graaz (september 2019) Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Case study 3 -4 level building appartement (+-2000 m 2, 25 appartments) Floor on grade Exterior walls Flat roof Interior walls loadboaring Interior walls non-loadbearing Storey floors Reinforced concrete slab 25 cm PUR 4 cm Gypsum plaster (1 cm) Sand lime bricks 15 cm +-2/3 (EPS 14 cm (ETICS) and 1/3 facing bricks+ 10 cm PUR Precast reinforced concrete panels (5 cm) with 15 cm reinforced concrete slope concrete vapour foil bitumen PIR insulation 10 cm bitumen roof covering Sand-lime brick+plaster Gypsum blocks Precast reinforced concrete panels (5 cm) with 15 cm reinforced concrete Concrete screed Ceramic tiles Copyright WTCB | Labo Duurzame Ontwikkeling Others: • Reinforced concrete core for the inner staircase and lift • Metal stair structure outdoor • Basement: • precast concrete walls 22 -30 cm • 10 cm XPS • Hollow concrete block walls (9 cm) 5

Case study § Alternatives with varying loadbearing structures 1. Sand-lime bricks 2. hollow concrete blocks 3. concrete skeleton + infill with hollow concrete blocks 4. wooden skeleton 5. CLT (cross laminated timber) § Finishing materials were kept equal (e. g. façade covering in ETICS, Bricks, windows in PVC) § Similar energy consumption for heating (373000 MJ gas /year) Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Methodology § RSP=60 years § C 2 g impact of all materials, excl. kitchen, bathroom, technical installations. § Generic data (ecoinvent v 3, 3 cut-off system model) § Scenarios representative of Belgium § Incineration § waste incinceration § benefit from § heat recovery: 0, 2 MJ heat (gas)/MJ LHV § electricity production: 0, 1 MJ/MJ LHV Waste stream Inert materials (e. g. bricks, concrete, glass) Chemically impregnated wood Clean wood Painted wood Composite wood products Burnable insulation (e. g. EPS, PUR) Avoided primary material (benefit from recycling) Crushed limestone for road bed construction. Incineration Recycling - 95% 100% - - 25% 85% 95% 75% 15% 5% Virgin wood particles (for particle board production) 95% - - Metals (e. g. reinforcement steel, zinc gutters, steel fire staircase) - 95% PVC (window frames) 45% Cellular concrete - 30% Gypsum (blocks, boards) Polyethylene (membranes, pipes) - 20% 85% 5% Point of functional equivalence at intermediate/end product level to account for reduced production energy Polymerised polyvinyl chloride emulsion. Primary sand for production of new cellular concrete Natural gypsum Polyethylene granulate production Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Methodology Impact category Unit Ozone depletion kg CFC 11 eq Acidification for soil and water Eutrophication Photochemical ozone creation Depletion of abiotic resources - elements kg SO 2 eq kg (PO 4)3 - eq kg Ethene eq kg Sb eq CEN Global warming kg CO 2 eq LCIA CML baseline method V 2012 (as in EN 15804+A 1) CEN+ Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels MJ, net calorific value Human toxicity - cancer effects CTUh Human toxicity - non-cancer effects CTUh Particulate matter kg PM 2, 5 eq Ionising radiation - human health effects kg U 235 eq Ecotoxicity - freshwater CTUe Water scarcity m 3 water eq Land use (soil organic matter - SOM) Kg C deficit Land use (biodiversity) PDF*m 2*y ILCD Midpoint 2011 v 1, 09 (as in PEF 2013) Ecoindicator 99 Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Production (A 1 -A 3) Transport (A 4) Replacements (B 4) EOL (C 1 -C 4) us e tio n ity rs SO M di ve bi o nd La de pl e . . . er at sh w re -f te . . . he sy s co -e ce so ur re La nd er at W ity xic n tio r . . . te at m an -h um e at cu l rti c. . . nc er ca on - -n s el fu ffe re an ce -c t en m le os sil Pf AD tio n di a ot o Ec di a ra ra Pa ity xic to ng izi Io n ng ni zi Io an an m Hu Hu m n n tio at io cr e Pe AD zo ne n er at w ica ro ph Eu t lo ica em oc h ot nd oi la g in tio le rd ep ye la fo rs e ar m lw -50% Ph n io ca t ifi id Ac -100% Oz on ba Gl o Results Sand-lime brick building: life cycle stages and module D 150% 100% 50% 0% Construction (A 5) Module D Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Results Main contributors to module D of the sand-lime brick building Benefit= avoided impact from primary steel production (blast oxygen furnace) Load=secondary steel production (electric arc furnace) Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Results Main contributors to module D of the wood skeleton building Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Conclusions § Relative importance of module D compared to total life cycle impact (excl. B 6) Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Conclusions Building case study, using generic data and Belgian EOL scenarios § The contribution of Module D can be significant (up to ± 50% of total life cycle impact (incl. or excluding B 6) § varies more according to the indicator considered than to the building variant § Module D can result in net impacts rather than benefits (e. g. Human toxicity) § Relative contribution of materials is strongly influenced by avoided primary production § Module D is based on many assumptions which can have a significant impact on the results! Download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/8888

Thank you for your attention! Laetitia Delem lde@bbri. be Scan QR or download full paper at www. cesb. cz/19/ 1179