Module 5 Introduction to Programming Comparison between lowlevel

Module 5: Introduction to Programming Comparison between low-level and high-level languages /History and Development of C and C++ Differences between C and C++ - Advantages of C++- Algorithm - Pseudo code ITEI 103 – Introduction to Programming Languages ITE Department

Computer Program A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. ITE Department

Source Code Source code is text written in a computer programming language. Such a language is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code, which can then be automatically translated to binary machine code that the computer can directly read and execute. ITE Department

Computer Programming Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging/ troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behavior. The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic. ITE Department

Introduction to Programming • Program: self-contained set of instructions used to operate a computer to produce a specific result – Also called software • Programming: the process of writing a program, or software 5 ITE Department

Machine Language • Machine language programs, also called executables, consist of binary instructions • Each instruction has two parts: – Instruction part: the operation to be performed; also called an opcode – Address part: memory address of the data to be used • Each class of computer has its own particular machine language • Writing in machine language is tedious! 6 ITE Department

Assembly Languages • Assembly Language: programming language with symbolic names for opcodes, and decimals or labels for memory addresses Example: ADD MUL 1, 2 2, 3 • Assembly language programs must be translated into machine instructions, using an assembler 7 ITE Department

Introduction to Programming: Assembly Language (continued) 8 ITE Department

Introduction to Programming: • Low-level languages: languages that use instructions tied directly to one type of computer Examples: machine language, assembly language • High-level languages: instructions resemble written languages, such as English, and can be run on a variety of computer types Examples: Visual Basic, C, C++, Java 9 ITE Department

Introduction to Programming: (continued) • Source code: the programs written in a high- or low-level language • Source code must be translated to machine instructions in one of two ways: – Interpreter: each statement is translated individually and executed immediately after translation – Compiler: all statements are translated and stored as an executable program, or object program; execution occurs later 10 ITE Department

Low- and High-Level Languages (continued) • Large C++ programs may be stored in two or more separate program files due to – Use of previously written code – Use of code provided by the compiler – Modular design of the program (for reusability of components) • Linker: combines all of the compiled code required for the program 11 ITE Department

Low- and High-Level Languages (continued) • Programs can also be classified by their orientation: – Procedural: available instructions are used to create self-contained units called procedures – Object-oriented: reusable objects, containing code and data, are manipulated • Object-oriented languages support reusing existing code more easily 12 ITE Department

Procedural and Object Orientations Figure 1. 2 Creating an executable C++ program. 13 ITE Department

History of C++ During the 60 s ALGOL 60, was developed as an alternative to FORTRAN taking from it some concepts of structured programming which would later inspire most procedural languages. ALGOL 68 also directly influenced the development of data types in C. Nevertheless ALGOL was an non-specific language and its abstraction made it impractical to solve most commercial tasks. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) In 1963 the CPL (Combined Programming language) appeared with the idea of being more specific for concrete programming tasks of that time than ALGOL or FORTRAN. Nevertheless this same specificity made it a big language and, therefore, difficult to learn and implement. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) In 1967, Martin Richards developed the BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), that signified a simplification of CPL but kept most important features the language offered. Although it too was an abstract and somewhat large language. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) In 1970, Ken Thompson, immersed in the development of UNIX at Bell Labs, created the B language. It was a port of BCPL for a specific machine and system (DEC PDP-7 and UNIX), and was adapted to his particular taste and necessities. The final result was an even greater simplification of CPL, although dependent on the system. It had great limitations, like it did not compile to executable code but threaded-code, which generates slower code in execution, and therefore was inadequate for the development of an operating system. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) Therefore, from 1971, Dennis Ritchie, from the Bell Labs team, began the development of a B compiler which, among other things, was able to generate executable code directly. This "New B", finally called C, introduced in addition, some other new concepts to the language like data types (char). ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) The C programming language was designed by Dennies Ritchie in 1973 at Bell Laboratories. It was first used system implementation language for the nascent Unix operating system. The main reason to devised C was to overcome the limitations of B. It was Derived from the type-less language BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language). C was the evolution of B and BCPL by incorporating type checking. It was originally intended for use in writing compilers for other languages. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) Dennis Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist and winner, with Kenneth Thompson, of the 1983 Turing Award. He created the C programming language and, with Thompson, the Unix operating system, which have had pervasive and lasting influence on subsequent programming languages and operating systems. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) In 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup, from Bell labs, began the development of the C++ language, that would receive formally this name at the end of 1983, when its first manual was going to be published. In October 1985, the first commercial release of the language appeared as well as the first edition of the book "The C++ Programming Language" by Bjarne Stroustrup. In the words of Bjarne Stroustrup "the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C". That is during when C++ was evolving initially, it was called as new C or C with classes. The "+" is actually the operator's sign used in programming languages normally for coding purposes. ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) Bjarne Stroustrup (born December 30, 1950) is a computer scientist and creator of the C++programming language. Professor and holder of the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science ITE Department

History of C++ (continued) During the 80 s, the C++ language was being refined until it became a language with its own personality. All that with very few losses of compatibility with the code with C, and without resigning to its most important characteristics. In fact, the ANSI standard for the C language published in 1989 took good part of the contributions of C++ to structured programming. From 1990 on, ANSI committee X 3 J 16 began the development of a specific standard for C++. In the period elapsed until the publication of the standard in 1998, C++ lived a great expansion in its use and today is the preferred language to develop professional applications on all platforms. C++ has been evolving, and a new version of the standard, c++0 x, is being developed to be published soon, with several new features. ITE Department

Difference of C and C++ is an extension of C language. This means that you can not only use the new features introduced with C++ but can also use the power and efficiency of C language. C and C++ are no more language for writing compilers and other languages, these general purpose languages are used worldwide in every field. However, C++ does not retain complete sourcelevel compatibility with C. ITE Department

Advantages of C++ 1. C++ allows expression of abstract ideas 2. C++ still allows a programmer to keep low-level control 3. C++ has national standards (*ANSI) 4. C++ is reusable and object-oriented 5. C++ is widely used and taught *ANSI: American National Standard Institute ITE Department

Here is a list of differences between C and C++: • The main difference between C and C++ is that C++ is object oriented while C is function or procedure oriented. • C++ has a much larger library • You must declare functions before use. Although most good C code will follow this convention, in C++ it is strictly enforced that all functions must be declared before they are used. ITE Department

Difference of C and C++ • In C, main() doesn't provide return 0 automatically. In C++, you are free to leave off the statement 'return 0; ' at the end of main; it will be provided automatically: int main() { printf( "Hello, World" ); but in C, you must manually add it: } int main() { printf( "Hello, World" ); return 0; } ITE Department

The Development of C++ • The purpose of most application programs is to process data to produce specific results Figure 1. 3 Basic procedural operations. ITE Department

The Development of C++ (continued) • Early procedural languages included – FORTRAN: Formula Translation – ALGOL: Algorithmic Language – COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language – BASIC: Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code – Pascal –C 29 ITE Department

The Development of C++ (continued) • Early object-oriented language: – C++ 30 ITE Department

Program Development Cycle 1. Analyze: Define the problem 2. Design: Plan the solution to the problem 3. Choose the Interface: Select the objects 4. Code: Translate the algorithm into a programming language. 5. Debug and Test: Locate and remove any errors in the program. 6. Complete the Documentation: Organize all the materials that describe the program. ITE Department

Algorithms • Algorithm: the step-by-step sequence of instructions that describe how the data is to be processed to produce the desired output • Programming = the translation of the selected algorithm into a language the computer can use 32 ITE Department

Algorithms (continued) • Pseudocode: English-like phrases used to describe the algorithm • Formula: description of a mathematical equation • Flowchart: diagram showing the flow of instructions in an algorithm – Flowcharts use special symbols ITE Department

Expressing Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including: • Natural Languages • Pseudocode • Flowcharts • Programming Languages ITE Department

Pseudocode • A program design technique that uses English words. • Has no formal syntactical rules. • Pseudo means false, thus pseudocode means false code. It looks like (imitates) real code but it is NOT real code. • Pseudocode cannot be compiled nor executed, and there are no real formatting or syntax rules. • Pseudocode should not include keywords in any specific computer languages. • The benefit of pseudocode is that it enables the programmer to concentrate on the algorithms without worrying about all the syntactic details of a particular programming language. ITE Department

How do I write Pseudocode? • First you may want to make a list of the main tasks that must be accomplished on a piece of scratch paper. • Then, focus on each of those tasks. Generally, you should try to break each main task down into very small tasks that can each be explained with a short phrase. • There may eventually be a one-to-one correlation between the lines of pseudocode and the lines of the code that you write after you have finished pseudocoding. ITE Department

• It is not necessary in pseudocode to mention the need to declare variables. It is wise however to show the initialization of variables. • All statements showing "dependency" are to be indented. These include while, do, for, if, switch. Some Keywords That Should be Used For looping and selection, the keywords that are to be used include: Do While. . . End. Do Call. . . with (parameters) Do Until. . . Enddo Call Case. . . End. Case Return If. . . Endif When ITE Department

As verbs, use the words: Generate, Compute, Process Set, Reset, Increment, Compute, Test Calculate, Add, Sum, Multiply, . . . Print, Display, Input, Output, Edit ITE Department

Pseudocode Examples Original Program Specification: Write a program that obtains two integer numbers from the user. It will print out the sum of those numbers. Pseudocode: Prompt the user to enter the first integer Prompt the user to enter a second integer Compute the sum of the two user inputs Display an output prompt that explains the answer as the sum Display the result ITE Department

Original Program Specification: Write a program that will display if the entered student’s grade is passed of failed. Passing grade is 70. Pseudocode: Prompt the user to enter a student grade If student's grade is greater than or equal to 70 Print "passed" else Print "failed" ITE Department

Original Program Specification: Write a program that will allow the student to input the grade on his 5 subjects and will compute for his average grade. Original Program Specification: Set total to zero Set grade counter to one While grade counter is less than or equal to 5 Input the next grade Add the grade into the total Set the class average to the total divided by 5 Print the class average. ITE Department

Pseudocode example : If then Else If age > 17 Display a message indicating you can vote. Else Display a message indicating you can't vote. Endif Pseudocode example : Case of age 0 to 17 Display "You can't vote. " 18 to 64 Display "Your in your working years. " 65 + Display "You should be retired. " Endcase ITE Department

Pseudocode example : While loop count assigned zero While count < 5 Display "I love computers!" Increment count Endwhile Pseudocode example : For loop For x starts at 0, x < 5, increment x Display "Are we having fun? " Endfor ITE Department

Pseudocode example : Do While loop count assigned five Do Display "Blast off is soon!" Decrement count While count > zero Pseudocode example : Repeat Until loop count assigned five Repeat Display "Blast off is soon!" Decrement count Until count < one ITE Department

Pseudocode example : Function with no parameter passing Function clear monitor Pass In: nothing Direct the operating system to clear the monitor Pass Out: nothing Endfunction Pseudocode example : Function with parameter passing Function delay program so you can see the monitor Pass In: integer representing tenths of a second Using the operating system delay the program Pass Out: nothing Endfunction ITE Department

Pseudocode of : Function main calling the clear monitor function Function main Pass In: nothing Doing some lines of code Call: clear monitor Doing some lines of code Pass Out: value zero to the operating system Endfunction ITE Department

Flowcharts Symbols ITE Department

Flowcharts Symbols (continued) ITE Department

Flowcharts (continued) Flowchart for calculating the average of three numbers. 49 ITE Department

Guidelines for Drawing a Flowchart • In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in logical order. • The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the flowchart. • The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or top to bottom. ITE Department

• Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol. • Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol. ITE Department

• If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and better way of communication. • Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish. • It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing through it with a simple test data. ITE Department

Advantages of using flowcharts The benefits of flowcharts are as follows: • Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned. • Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analyzed in more effective way. • Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed for various purposes. ITE Department

• Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and program development phase. • Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process. • Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part ITE Department

Limitations of using flowcharts • Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and clumsy. • Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flowchart may require re-drawing completely. • Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem. ITE Department

Flowcharting Examples Example 1 Draw a flowchart to find the sum of first 50 natural numbers. ITE Department

Example 2 Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers A, B, and C. ITE Department

Example 3 Draw a flowchart for computing factorial N (N!) Where N! = 1 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ …… N . ITE Department

Problem Solving Process Input Process Output ITE Department

Example Problem #1 Calculate and display the price of a number of apples if the quantity in kg and price per kg are given. Input • Quantity • Price_per_kg Process Price = Quantity * Price_per_kg Output Price ITE Department

Pseudocode 1. 2. 3. 4. Start Read quantity Read price_per_kg price quantity * quantity price_per_kg 5. Print price 6. End ITE Department

Flowchart: Calculate Price of Apples Start Input Quantity Input Price_per_kg Price = Quantity * Price_per_kg Output Price End ITE Department

Source Code #include<stdio. h> #include<iostream> using namespace std; #define p printf #define s scanf Pre-processor Main function Start Variable declarations int main() { float price = 0; int quantity = 0; float price_per_kg = 0; Input p("Enter quantity of an apple : “) ; s(“%d”, &quantity); p("Enter price of an apple per kilogram : " ); Input computations s(“%f”, &price_per_kg); price = quantity * price_per_kg; p("The price of an apple in kilogram is %. 2 f“, price); Output system ("pause>0"); Stop } ITE Department

End of Module 5 ITE Department