Module 5 GHG emissions What is included in

Module 5: GHG emissions What is included in ECAM? TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

RECALL • • • Interrelation of climate change and the water cycle Sources of GHG within the urban water cycle Main steps of Wa. CCli. M Roadmap What ECAM can be used for Difference between the initial and detailed assessment Role of PIs and Variables Module 3: Wa. CCli. M Roadmap

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Recognize the different types of emissions • Link the methodology of IPCC and the ECAM tool • Relate the system boundaries of a utility to the associated emissions Module 3: Wa. CCli. M Roadmap

TYPES OF EMISSIONS N 2 O GHG CH 4 CO 2 CH 4 SCOPE 2 INDIRECT Electric energy SCOPE 1 DIRECT SCOPE 3 INDIRECT Fossil fuel combustion Sewers or biological Wastewater treatment Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment Sludge transport Effluent discharge Collected but untreated

TYPES OF EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT • Greenhouse gases warm the Earth by absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space; they act like a blanket insulating the Earth • The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) have changed over time IPCC Second assessment report (1995) IPCC Fourth asessment report (2005) IPCC Fifth assessment report (2013) CO 2 1 1 1 CH 4 21 25 34 N 2 O 310 298 Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

EMISSIONS IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TYPES OF EMISSIONS GHG emissions based on IPCC: Scope 1 – direct GHG emissions within the water or wastewater system, for example, methane or nitrous oxide from sewage treatment Scope 2 – indirect GHG emissions associated with the organisation’s grid electricity use Scope 3 – all other indirect emissions, which are a consequence of the services provided, but which come from sources not owned or controlled within the water or wastewater system Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment Nonelectricity related emissions + Electricity related emissions = ECAM

TYPES OF EMISSIONS Sub-categories of nonelectricity related emissions Sub-categories of electricity related to emission i. ii. Drinking Water Wastewater i. Fuel used in engines ii. Untreated sewage iii. Treated sewage discharged to river iv. Biogas production flared or released v. Sludge transport vi. Sludge disposal (landfill, land application) Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TYPES OF EMISSIONS Emissions not included in ECAM • • • Methane and Nitrous oxide from sewers Nitrous oxide from biological treatment of wastewater From staff vehicles From the manufacturing of chemicals From the construction and construction materials of facilities From septic tanks Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

Module 5: GHG emissions Calculating GHG emissions TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Calculate typical emissions of drinking water and wastewater utility by hand • Apply Detailed GHG assessment of ECAM tool • Assess baseline performance of drinking water and wastewater utilities Module 3: Wa. CCli. M Roadmap

DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Remember § Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail Inputs Outputs Quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period Performance and service level indicators for monitoring progress Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

GHG FROM ELECTRICITY GHG Emissions are counted in terms of CO 2 equivalent: Conversion factor based on energy mix (CO 2 e kg/k. Wh) Energy consumption (k. Wh/m 3) Direct and other indirect emissions (CO 2 e kg/m 3) GHG indirect (CO 2 e kg/m 3) Global GHG emissions (CO 2 e kg/m 3) GHG CO 2 e (kg)* CO 2 1 CH 4 34 N 2 O 298 * corresponds to the 100 -year global warming potential for greenhouse gases (GWP 100, AR 5) reported by IPCC (2013). Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

LEARNING EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: Utility A, from Jordan, consumes 20 MWh/day from the grid in order to run its drinking water abstraction pumps. How many kg CO 2 equivalent does Utility B emit on a monthly basis? The emission factor for Jordan is 0. 644 kg. CO 2 eq/k. Wh Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS Understanding the GHG emissions assessment 1. GHG FROM Methane in the WWTP 2. GHG FROM treated effluent discharge 3. GHG FROM sludge transport 4. GHG FROM untreated effluent discharge 5. GHG FROM on-site engines Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP Are equal to 1. The methane leaking from the biogas flaring system operation, assuming 2% of the biogas flared is leaked. 2. The methane emitted in the biological treatment process, in poorly aerated zones. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP Input Data to estimate the Biogas flared At Initial Assessment: • If YES to : “Are you producing biogas? ” AND • If NO to : “Are you valorizing biogas? ”, then it is assumed that 100% of the produced biogas is flared. The Serviced population in the urban wastewater system is used to estimate the biogas production assuming a theoretical average operation of an anaerobic digester, and standard BOD load person entering the sewage. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP At Detailed Assessment: The actual biogas produced by the digester MINUS the actual biogas valorised is used to estimate the amount of biogas flared. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

LEARNING EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: Utility B, from Brazil, flares 16000 Nm 3 of biogas per month. Calculate how many CO 2 equivalent per month Utility A emits due to direct release of 2% biogas (caused by leakages). The conversion factor for methane is 34 kg. CO 2/Kg CH 4 Assume that the biogas contains 60% methane. The density of biogas is appoximately 0. 66 kg/Nm 3. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP Input data to estimate the methane produced in the biological treatment process At Initial Assessment: • Is estimated based on the BOD influent At Detailed Assessment: • The BOD in the influent MINUS the amount of BOD removed as sludge is used to estimate the amount of methane emitted. • It is multiplied by an IPCC “WWTP emission factor” which qualifies the amount of poorly aerated zones in the treatment. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge Are equal to N 2 O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen still contained in the treated wastewater discharged Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge Input data to estimate emissions from treated effluent At Initial GHG Assessment: • Total nitrogen concentration in the effluent At Detailed GHG Assessment : • Total nitrogen load in the effluent over the assessment period (more precise than using average concentration times the flow, as in the initial assessment) Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 3. GHG from sludge transport Input data to estimate emissions from Fuel At Initial and Detailed GHG Assessment: • The number of trips time the distance to disposal site is used to calculate fuel consumption. • The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Gasoline Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO 2, N 2 O and CH 4 emissions Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge Are equal to • N 2 O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen contained in untreated sewage AND • CH 4 emissions (Methane) from the BOD contained in untreated sewage Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge Input data to estimate emissions from untreated sewage At Initial Assessment: • The “Population connected” minus the “service population” is multiplied by standard protein consumption or BOD production pers. At Detailed GHG Assessment : • The standard protein consumption and BOD production person can be adjusted by the user. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 5. GHG emissions from onsite engines Are equal to to the emissions from burning the fuel • CO 2 emissions and N 2 O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) and CH 4 emissions (Methane) Which all occur in different proportions depending on the type of fuel Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 5. GHG emissions from onsite engines Input data to estimate emissions from FUEL At Initial Assessment and Detailed GHG Assessment : • The Volume of Fuel multiplied by emission factors based on the type of fuel • The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Petrol or Natural Gas Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO 2, N 2 O and CH 4 emissions Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

LEARNING EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: Utility C, from Mexico, uses Diesel fuel engines for pumps, consuming 80 liter/day. How many kg CO 2 equivalent does Utility C emit on a yearly basis? Consider the emission factor for diesel fuel to be 2. 5 kg CO 2 per liter. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

Module 5: GHG emissions Detailed GHG Assessment with ECAM - tutorial TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Remember • Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

TYPES OF EMISSIONS Flows Understanding the difference between flows: The unit “m 3” can mean different things! Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Assessing Energy Performance: • Objective: Understand if and where GHG emissions from electricity can be reduced. • A detailed assessment of the energy performance provides the relative weight of each stage and at facility (substage) level. • Inputs: - quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period - description of the facility (size, length of pipe, type of treatment, etc. . ) • Outputs: benchmarked performance indicators to assess potential for improvements Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Energy IN = Energy OUT system Energy IN: • Grid electricity purchased • Renewable Electricity (self -produced) Energy OUT: • Surplus Renewable Electricity (self-produced) sold (not yet included in the tool) • Energy consumption for operating equipment Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Deatiled Assessment Initial Assessment Electricity Inputs (Initial & Detailed assessment) Energy purchased the grid in urban wastewater systems from the grid in urban drinking water systems Abstraction Total electric energy consumption Treatment Distribution Total electric energy consumption Electric energy produced from turbines from Collection Total electric energy consumption Electric energy produced from turbines Treatment Total electric energy Total Electric energy consumption for pumping discharged wastewater consumption Electric energy produced from biogas valorization Energy produced during wastewater discharge through turbines When energy is produced and self consumed: energy purchased from the grid < sum of total energy consumed per stage Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

SUB-STAGES Performance indicator with benchmark at sub-stage level For example: Standardized energy consumption Reference values for benchmarking: Good: 0. 2725 ≤ wc. E 3 ≤ 0. 45 Substage data Acceptable: 0. 45 < wc. E 3 ≤ 0. 68 Unsatisfactory: wc. E 3 > 0. 68 Pumping Head (m) Proposed improvement: Differentiate benchmark values for submersible or external motors P (k. W) = γ Q ∆H Specific weigth (9800 N/m 3) Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

LEARNING EXERCISE: DETAILED GHG ASSESMENT Let’s review the data together for the drinking water stages for Thailand: 1. Open the example json file 2. Analyse all the results and discuss in small groups. Now go back to the Drinking Water Supply section: is the value for Volume of authorized consumption person per day correctly computed? Why? What is the relevance of this data? 3. How does non-revenue water relate to GHG emissions? 4. Inspect how the service level PIs are calculated by clicking on the blue hyperlinks. Notice that certain variables light up yellow once you hover the PIs. Do you understand why? 5. Add one substage for the water distribution stage. Ensure that the total sum does not change. 6. Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

LEARNING EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS Let’s review the data together for the wastewater stages for Thailand: 1. What is the importance of reporting data regarding BOD concentrations? What is their relationship with GHG emissions? 2. In wastewater treatment, indicate that biogas is produced and insert a reasonable number. What are the associated emissions for this? 3. Now choose to valorize 80% of this biogas and review the results again. What has been the impact on the overall emmissions? 4. Indicate how you can simulate that this inflow and infiltration is occuring at this utility? What is the impact on the emissions? 5. Calculate the impact on total emissions if 20% of the wastewater is reused. Would this be a realistic scenario for your utility? 6. Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment