Module 4 B 7 VLSI Design Technology CAD

Module 4 B 7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD David Holburn dmh@eng. cam. ac. uk David Moore dfm 1@eng. cam. ac. uk Engineering Tripos Part IIB You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http: //www. eng. cam. ac. uk/~dmh

4 B 7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD l l 12 lectures in LR 6: u Friday at 12, Tuesday at 10 Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture) u u l Two examples sheets: u u l l gaps to be filled in places where you need to add your own notes MOS circuits Microelectronics technology Various other notes and leaflets Exam - start of Easter term Coursework - later this term Material on the WWW

Coursework l l Electrical characterisation of CMOS ring oscillator circuit Takes place in EIETL/Part I Lab, Weeks 7 -8

Coursework l l SEM examination of CMOS ring oscillator circuit Takes place in Electrical Research Lab, Weeks 7 -8

Course Activities Visits to IC manufacturers l EEV (Chelmsford) – Charge-coupled imaging devices l Fujitsu (Durham)- Memory/Microprocessor manufacture

Case Study – Voltage Reference Mixed-signal VLSI design l Commodity CMOS process l Digital/analogue compatibility l Design offers: u u u Good regulation Good thermal stability Small footprint

Case Study - Flash Memory Case study illustrating advanced VLSI design & manufacture l Intel® Strata. Flash™ offers: non-volatility, u reliability, and u smaller form factor. u l Multi. Level Cell (MLC) technology stores multiple bits of data on a single memory transistor. l Allows increased densities and decreased cost-per-megabyte l Uses 0. 18 m technology

Guest Lecture l James Collier from Cambridge Silicon Radio is expected to give a talk an the evolution of their world-beating Bluetooth CMOS chip set … details later. . .

Evolution of the Microprocessor Paper D 7: VLSI Design, Technology & CAD Engineering Tripos Part IIB/EIST Part II You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http: //www. eng. cam. ac. uk/~dmh

The First Transistor New York Times “A device called a transistor, which has several applications in radio where a vacuum tube ordinarily is employed, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 West Street, where it was invented. ” 23 rd December 1947 http: //www. lucent. com/ideas 2/ideas. html http: //www. bell-labs. com

The First Integrated Circuit 1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical engineer at Texas Instruments, figured out how to put all the circuit elements - transistors, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting wiring - into a single piece of germanium. His rough prototype was a thin piece of germanium about one-half inch long containing five separate components linked together by tiny wires.

The Microprocessor 4004: Intel’s first microprocessor The 4 -bit 4004 ran at 108 k. Hz & contained 2300 transistors. The speed of this 1971 device was estimated at 0. 06 MIPS (million instructions/s). By comparison, in 2000 Intel's Pentium ran at 133 MHz, contained 5. 5 million transistors, & could execute 300 MIPS. Complexity & speed have risen steadily since then!

Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC 1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the IBM PC. This was followed in 1982 by the 80286, on which was based the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) computer.

Intel 80386 and 80486 The Intel ‘ 386 (1985) contained 275, 000 transistors. It was Intel’s first ‘ 32 -bit’ chip, and was capable of ‘multi-tasking’. The ‘ 486 (1989, shown) was significantly more powerful, and was the first to offer a built-in math. co-processor, greatly speeding up transcendental functions.

Intel Pentium The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 - it was designed to allow computers to handle “real-world” data such as speech, sound and images. The latest Pentium II (1997) contained 7. 5 million transistors, and is packaged in a unique format.

Scaling - Intel Pentium l Origin design used MOSFETs with L=0. 8 m u Speed limited to fclk= 66 MHz Relative sizes l Shrink minimum dimension to 0. 6 m u Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput u Lower power consumption u Latest P 4 uses L=0. 09 m ® fclk=3800 MHz (internal)!

Moore’s Law l The Intel view of Gordon Moore’s observation. The billion-transistor chip is imminent! http: //www. intel. com/research/silicon/mooreslaw. htm

Moore’s Law Complexity 10 9 Pentium®Pro Pentium® $5000 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 80286 $2000 5 cost 8080 10 4 10 80486 complexity $500 3 10 2 $200 10 1 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Cost in $M 1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation 2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation

Silicon Technology Silicon Process 1. 5µ Technology Intel 386™ DX Processor Intel 486™ DX Processor Pentium® II Processor 1. 0µ 0. 8µ 0. 6µ 0. 4µ 0. 25µ

Wafers - 4" to 300 mm

Web resource http: //www 2. eng. cam. ac. uk/~dmh/4 b 7

VLSI Design David Holburn dmh@eng. cam. ac. uk Microcircuit Engineering & Semiconductor Physics You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http: //www. eng. cam. ac. uk/~dmh

Spice Simulator