Module 1 Environmental Literacy Environmental Issues Risk Exposure

  • Slides: 25
Download presentation
Module 1: Environmental Literacy: Environmental Issues, Risk, Exposure, and Regulations David Shonnard Department of

Module 1: Environmental Literacy: Environmental Issues, Risk, Exposure, and Regulations David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 1

Module 1: Presentation Outline l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l

Module 1: Presentation Outline l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1 l Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2 l Exposure calculations - Chapter 6 l Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 2

Module 1: Educational goals and topics Students will: l be introduced to major environmental

Module 1: Educational goals and topics Students will: l be introduced to major environmental issues related to chemical processing l become familiar with the fundamentals of risk assessment l be introduced to the major environmental regulations of interest to the chemical industry and the chemical engineer become aware of the major pathways and routes of exposure to industrial chemicals l University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 3

Module 1: Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Design course:

Module 1: Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Design course: Introduce environmental literacy and regulations before assigning projects l Freshman Engineering: Introduction to issues regarding environment / society / industry University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 4

Module 1: Scope of environmental impacts (Ch 1) Materials Life. Cycle Stages Materials Energy

Module 1: Scope of environmental impacts (Ch 1) Materials Life. Cycle Stages Materials Energy Raw Materials Extraction Wastes Materials Energy Chemical Processing Pollution Control Materials Energy Product Manufacturing Wastes Use, Reuse, Disposal Pollution Control Wastes Midpoints global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidification ecological harm Endpoint University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University Human health and ecosystem damage 5

Module 1: U. S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U. S. DOE,

Module 1: U. S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U. S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97) University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 6

Module 1: Global warming and related impacts Materials Energy Products Chemical Processing Contribution to

Module 1: Global warming and related impacts Materials Energy Products Chemical Processing Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http: //www. snre. umich. edu/nppc/ University of Texas at Austin Cause and Effect Chain greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Michigan Technological University 7

Module 1: Stratospheric ozone and related impacts Materials Cause and Effect Chain Energy Products

Module 1: Stratospheric ozone and related impacts Materials Cause and Effect Chain Energy Products Chemical Processing ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs ozone layer loss increase in uv human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage Toxics Release Inventory Data University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 8

Module 1: Smog formation and related impacts Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products Cause and

Module 1: Smog formation and related impacts Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products Cause and Effect Chain NOx and volatile organic substances NOx photochemical oxidation reactions VOCs human/ecological damage from O 3 and other oxidants 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries NOx 1997 Miscellaneous 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling Transportation Industrial Processes VOCs Fuel Combustion National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U. S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http: //www. epa. gov/oar/aqtrnd 97/chapter 2. pdf University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 1997 9

Module 1: Acid rain / Acid deposition Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products SO 2

Module 1: Acid rain / Acid deposition Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products SO 2 and NOx emission to air Cause and Effect Chain Acidification rxns. & acid deposition human/ecological damage from H+ and heavy metals SO 2 Miscellaneous Transportation Industrial Processes 1997 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling Fuel Combustion National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U. S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http: //www. epa. gov/oar/aqtrnd 97/chapter 2. pdf University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 10

Module 1: Human health toxicity Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products Toxic releases to air,

Module 1: Human health toxicity Materials Energy Chemical Processing Products Toxic releases to air, water, and soil Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcinogenic & non. . . EPCRA Toxic Waste RCRA Hazardous Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 11

Module 1: Risk assessment: important questions (Ch 2) l What are the risks associated

Module 1: Risk assessment: important questions (Ch 2) l What are the risks associated with a chemical, manufacturing process, or use of a product? l How is risk quantified by professional risk assessors? l Is risk assessment used by government agencies to regulate industry? (Yes!) University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 12

Module 1: Risk assessment: introductory concepts Risk = F(exposure x hazard) Modules 1, 2

Module 1: Risk assessment: introductory concepts Risk = F(exposure x hazard) Modules 1, 2 Chapters 5, 6 Modules 1, 2 Chapters 2, 5 Steps in risk assessment » » University of Texas at Austin Hazard assessment Exposure assessment Dose/response relationships Risk characterization Michigan Technological University 13

Module 1: Hazard assessment Indicators of chemical toxicology Carcinogenic effects - Slope Factor (SF),

Module 1: Hazard assessment Indicators of chemical toxicology Carcinogenic effects - Slope Factor (SF), Weight of Evidence (WOE) classification Noncarcinogenic effects - No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (Rf. D), Reference Concentration (Rf. C), Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Sources of Data for Health Effects 1. The Material Safety Data Sheet - MSDS 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (www. cdc. gov/niosh. npg/gpdstart. html) 3. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (http: //www. epa. gov/ngispgm 3/iris/index. html) 4. National Library of Medicine (Tox. Net) (http: //sis. nlm. nih. gov/sis 1) 5. Casarett and Doull’s “Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons”, Macmillan 6. Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, John Wiley & Sons University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 14

Module 1: Exposure assessment (Ch 6) l l Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in

Module 1: Exposure assessment (Ch 6) l l Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in the workplace Community Exposure- exposure outside the workplace Different modeling approaches and assumptions Exposure Assessment Methodology - Community Exposure 1. Identify all waste stream components and concentrations 2. Estimate release rates to the air, water, and soil 3. Choose proper exposure pathways (through environment) and routes (into humans) 4. Determine exposure concentrations at the point of exposure to humans using measurements or an environmental fate and transport model University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 15

Module 1: Exposure assessment - cont. Exposure Routes 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Dermal

Module 1: Exposure assessment - cont. Exposure Routes 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Dermal (skin) University of Texas at Austin Multiple pathways are possible Michigan Technological University 16

Module 1: Exposure assessment - H 2 S release example Atmospheric dispersion Model, Ca

Module 1: Exposure assessment - H 2 S release example Atmospheric dispersion Model, Ca x = 300 m H=0 m Q = 0. 025 kg/s H 2 S Rural release, daytime neutral atmosphere, x<500 m, vx=4 m/s sysz = 0. 01082 x 1. 78 Rural release, nighttime stable atmosphere, x<500 m , vx=2. 5 m/s sysz = 0. 0049 x 1. 66 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 17

Module 1: Dose/Response How large a dose causes what kind of effect? Effective Dose

Module 1: Dose/Response How large a dose causes what kind of effect? Effective Dose (reversible) Toxic Dose (irreversible) Lethal Dose Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall, 1990 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 18

Module 1: Risk Characterization Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route) Exposure Dose (mg/kg/d) Result: #

Module 1: Risk Characterization Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route) Exposure Dose (mg/kg/d) Result: # excess cancers per 106 cases in the population; 10 -4 to 10 -6 acceptable Dose - Response Relationship, Slope Factor (mg/kg/d)-1 Exposure Factors CR = contact rate (m 3 air breathed / day) EF = exposure frequency (days / yr) ED = exposure duration (yr) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days) - 25, 550 days for carcinogenic risk University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 19

Module 1: Environmental regulations: the regulatory process (Ch 3) Environmental Laws • Clean Air

Module 1: Environmental regulations: the regulatory process (Ch 3) Environmental Laws • Clean Air Act of 1970 Rule Making • publish proposed regulations in the Federal Register Administrative Agencies • receive public comment on proposed regulations • US Environmental Protection Agency • publish regulations in the Federal Register Environmental Regulations • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 20

Module 1: Environmental regulations: changes over time Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations Bishop, “Pollution Prevention:

Module 1: Environmental regulations: changes over time Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, Mc. Graw-Hill, 2000 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 21

The 9 essential environmental regulations: the manufacture of chemicals University of Texas at Austin

The 9 essential environmental regulations: the manufacture of chemicals University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 22

The 9 essential environmental regulations : discharges to air, water, and soil University of

The 9 essential environmental regulations : discharges to air, water, and soil University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 23

The 9 essential environmental regulations : clean-up, disclosure, and pollution prevention University of Texas

The 9 essential environmental regulations : clean-up, disclosure, and pollution prevention University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 24

Module 1: Recap l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l Potential

Module 1: Recap l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1 l Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2 l Exposure calculations - Chapter 6 l Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3 University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University 25