Modernization The Impact of Modernity on Economy That
- Slides: 21
Modernization The Impact of Modernity on Economy “That institution in society that arranges for the production and distribution of the goods needed for survival”
Three Great Revolutions • Political Revolution ▫ destroyed the great monarchies and feudalism ▫ rise of democratic societies ▫ power resides in the people
Three Great Revolutions • Scientific Revolution ▫ Rise of scientific method (reason) ▫ Two key consequences: �Technological innovations ---> industrial revolution �Declining significance of a religious world view
Three Great Revolutions • Industrial Revolution ▫ specialized, machine-based production ▫ huge increase in productivity ▫ birth of the middle class
Sociological Consequences of Industrialization • Industrialization: ▫ "the replacement of living energy sources with non-living energy sources" • Social Differentiation: ▫ "The process by which different social categories emerge and by which people come to fill those categories"
Sociological Consequences of Industrialization • Specialization ▫ One type of social differentiation ▫ "the transformation from single, multiplepurpose statuses/roles to multiple, singlepurpose statuses/roles)”
Consequences of Specialization (3 Predictions) • Optimistic (Adam Smith) ▫ ▫ The Wealth of Nations (1776) dramatically increases productivity creates new jobs mechanism for social organization �economic interdependence: exchange relationships
Consequences of Specialization (3 Predictions) • Cautiously Optimistic (Emile Durkheim) ▫ The Division of Labor in Society (1893) ▫ "Is specialization really a viable form of social organization? " ▫ Solidarity: "commonality of purpose and social identity” �Necessary condition for society to exist
Consequences of Specialization (3 Predictions) • Pre-industrial societies: "mechanical solidarity" ▫ simple division of labor �(gender and age) ▫ how will we achieve solidarity in an age of specialization?
Consequences of Specialization (3 Predictions) • Industrial societies could produce solidarity ▫ organic solidarity: �economic interdependence (like Smith) ▫ BUT: specialization could produce anomie �(a-nomos) "a condition of societal normlessness
Consequences of Specialization (3 Predictions) • Pessimistic: Karl Marx ▫ (Capital, 1867, 1885, 1894) • concerned about the types of work in an industrial economy • Alienation: separation/estrangement from: ▫ ▫ production process itself finished products of our labor our fellow workers ourselves
Industrialization & Stratification • Stratification: ▫ "vertical ranking of members of a society, based upon their access to and control over scarce resources“ ▫ Another type of social differentiation
Industrialization & Stratification • Max Weber ▫ wealth �class stratification ▫ honor (prestige) �status stratification ▫ power �"party" stratification (politics)
From Household Economy to Industrial Capitalism • Household Economy ▫ ▫ ▫ Produced subsistence work was performed in and for the household money was used as a unit of account barter/trade for items they did not produce orientation away from the market
From Household Economy to Industrial Capitalism • Capitalism ▫ a set of social practices AND a way of thinking about and organizing economic activities • 3 distinct features ▫ The Market �impersonal buying and selling of commodities
From Household Economy to Industrial Capitalism �Goods produced with the expressed intent of selling them �For more than it cost to produce them ▫ Distinct Economic Institutions �Organizations specializing in the manufacture, distribution and sale of specific products �“Double Dependence” ▫ Profit Orientation (the “ism” of capitalism)
From Household Economy to Industrial Capitalism �Marx: commodity production circuit: �M-C-M' �M = surplus value (profit) �come to see all aspects of org. according to effects upon profit �Marx: where does added value come from? �AND where does it go? �Conflict
Two Predictions About Stratification • Marx: Two-Class Society ▫ Bourgeoisie and Proletariat ▫ Few wealthy, many poor • Class Consciousness ▫ proletariat: a class for themselves • Revolution ▫ Capitalism: last stage on the way to a just society (Communism)
Karl Marx’s Prediction of Stratification System of Industrial Capitalist Economies $ $ Number of People
Two Predictions About Stratification • “Adam Smith": Generally Higher Standard of Living for Most ▫ a few wealthy ▫ the majority will do quite well �"middle class" ▫ a few poor
Adam Smith’s Prediction of Stratification System of Industrial Capitalist Economies $ $ Number of People
- Three malaises of modernity
- What is modernity
- Compressed modernity definition
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- "technology modernization"
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- Electronic health record modernization services
- Kothari commission 1964-66