Modernism Modernity Modernisation 1 Johannes Gutenberg 2 3

Modernism Modernity Modernisation 1

Johannes Gutenberg 2

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The Enlightenment the ideology of rationalism Hall & Gieben(1992) Formations of Modernity 4

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The Ideology of Rational Political Practice Emmet Kennedy quoted in Bauman: Ideology was understood as the first science, since all sciences consisted of different combinations of ideas. . especially the basis of grammar or the science of communicating ideas, logic or the science of combining them and reaching new truths, education, or the science of forming men, morality or the regulation of desires, and finally ‘the greatest of arts, for the success of which all others must cooperate, that of regulating society. . 6

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Diego Velazquez portrait of King Philip IV of Spain in 1656 8

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Our Key Words • Ideology • Hegemony • Imperialism • Aesthetics • Romanticism • Modernism MODERNITY 10

René Descartes (1596 -1650) "Cogito ergo sum. ” “I think therefore I am” 11

Les Philosophes John Locke (1632 -1704) Essay Concerning Human Understanding: His Tabula Rasa dogma: there are no innate ideas; all knowledge is derived from 12 experience

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) David Hume (1711 -1776) Adam Smith (1723 -1790) Voltaire (1694 -1778) Denis Diderot (1713 -1784) Baron Motesquieu (1689 -1755) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) Wealth of Nations The Social Contract The Encyclopedie Principia Mathematica The Spirit of the Laws Candide A Treatise on Human Nature 13

The Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789 14

Washington crossing the Delaware: December 25, 1776 15

Secular Nation States Established in Western Europe: defining social structure of Modernity and engine of Modernisation: the Industrial Revolution 16

Bourgeois Ideology Rationalism Scientific Scientisim Empirical Empiricism Secularism Didacticism 17

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The Rise of Bourgeois Culture & Aesthetics: the institutionalisation of Bourgeois taste The expansion of the media The Daily Courant (1702 -1735) Tattler Spectator 21

Culture a metaphor for the Class System Mathew Arnold in the 19 c: Culture = “The best that has been thought and said” 22

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Pierre Antoine Baudouin Morning 24

William Hogarth (1697 -1764) Joshua Reynolds on Hogarth: “The painters who have applied themselves more particularly to low and vulgar characters, and who express with precision the various shades of passion, as they are exhibited by vulgar minds, (such as we see in the works of Hogarth), deserve great praise; but as their genius has been employed on low and confined subjects, the praise we give must be as limited as its object”. 25

Intimations of a Consumer Society 26

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Marimba Ani (1994) Urugu: One of the most prevalent uses of popular art as it collectivises the individual European psyche is in design 29

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Rousseau’s Critique Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1749): Rousseau challenges basic Enlightenment tenet and argues that apparent cultural and social progress has led only to our real moral degradation. All our arts and sciences have been formed out of idleness and are fed of luxury. Discourse on the Origins of Inequlity (1755): Here he adopts an almost proto- Marxian view and traces the roots of poverty to private property and the envy it generates. 31

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William Hogarth Gin Lane 33

William Hogarth Before 34

William Hogarth After 35

John Clare “The Lament of Swordy Well” 36

Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729 -1811) Captain Cook (1728 -79) 37

Francisco Goya: Disasters of War 1810 -20 38

Francisco Goya: French Execution- Castration 39

Francisco Goya: French Execution- mutilated man impaled on tree 40

Francisco Goya: The Third of May 1808 41

“Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” Walter Benjamin The uniqueness of a work of art is embedded in tradition: when authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production the total function of art is reversed and instead of being based on ritual it begins to be based on politics 42

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Baudelaire 44

Emile Zola and his father 45

Summary Enlightenment • scientific rationalism helps design modern state • bourgeois ideology and culture, are established as the guiding principle and the hegemony of modernity §both society and art becomes more secular and their spiritual aspects are diminished §it defines a Euro-centric vision of the world and of experience 46

Michel Foucault in an interview “Space, Knowledge and Power”: “The central issue of philosophy and critical thought since the 18 th century has always been…. what is this reason that we use? What are its historical effects? What are its limits and what are its dangers? ” 47

Francisco Goya 48 "Los Caprichos" (1799) - "The Sleep of Reason produces Monsters"