Modern World History Unit 5 Renaissance and Reformation

Modern World History Unit 5 Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance A)Crusades led to interaction between Western (Christian) and Eastern (Islamic) worlds 1. Western Europeans gained wealth and knowledge from Byzantine Empire 2. Knowledge of architecture, shipbuilding, sailing and philosophy

Renaissance B) Exposure to Muslim culture led to changes in European culture 1. Europeans produced items such as pasta, paper, colored glass 2. Intellectual studies influenced by translations of ancient Greek philosophical and scientific work

Renaissance B) Exposure to Muslim Culture 3. Theologians used the work of Aristotle and other philosophers 4. Advancements in medicine were influenced by new learning

Renaissance C) Humanism 1. School of thought that examined the works of ancient Greece and Rome, and emphasized the importance of humans and their values (as opposed to scholasticism or following the teachings of the Catholic Church)

Renaissance C) Humanism 2. Started in Italy (primarily as an elitist movement), spread to Germany, Spain, and England 3. In Germany it became Christian humanism focused on the direct reading of the Bible rather than rely on Church interpretation

Renaissance C) Humanism 4. Famous humanists include: • Francesco Petrarch (father of humanism) • Giovanni Boccaccio who wrote the Decameron

Renaissance Essential Knowledge • What is humanism and how did it impact Western Europe? • What individuals were the leading forces behind humanism, and how did each contribute to its development and spread? STOP

The Protestant Reformation A) Causes 1. Corruption in the church led people to mistrusting its leaders • Materialism/consumerism of clergy • Simony or the sale of Church appointments • Sale of indulgences (buying forgiveness)

The Protestant Reformation A) Causes 2. Kings resented the power that church leaders had in their countries • Had power in civil matters • Had power through taxation

The Protestant Reformation Essential Knowledge • What factors led to the emergence of the Reformation movement? STOP

The Protestant Reformation B) Martin Luther (founder of the Protestant Reformation) 1. Lutheranism • 1517 protested corruption in church (indulgences)

The Protestant Reformation B) Martin Luther and Lutheranism • Excommunicated from the church for refusing to recant his beliefs • Followers adopted the Lutheran faith based off of his teachings

The Protestant Reformation C) Luther inspired other Protestant Reformers 1. Ulrich Zwingli of Switzerland who promoted no official change of religion, Bible is the supreme authority not the pope 2. John Calvin of Switzerland promoted Calvinism a stricter interpretation of the Bible 3. John Knox of Scotland inspired by Calvin

The Protestant Reformation Essential Knowledge • What contributions did Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox each make to the Reformation? STOP

The Protestant Reformation D) Political changes in the HRE 1. Inspired German nationalism • German princes rebelled against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • 1530 Charles V calls the Imperial Diet to halt the spread of religious division

The Protestant Reformation D) Political changes • 1555 Peace of Augsburg issued to stop religious wars 1. Establishes religious toleration 2. Allows the ruler of the state to choose the religion 3. HRE states (princes) gain autonomy

The Protestant Reformation Social unrest • Harsh economic conditions led peasants to revolt across Europe in the 14 th and 15 th centuries • Nobility, clergy, and middle classes paid little or no taxes

The Protestant Reformation Social Unrest • German Peasants’ War 1525 1. Crop failures led German peasants to revolt • Peasant’s sought an end to death taxes, new rents, and noble seizure of village common lands

The Protestant Reformation German Peasants’ War 1525 2. Martin Luther originally supported the movement • He saw it as bringing social, economic, and political rights to all citizens of Germany, free from the Catholic Church

The Protestant Reformation German Peasants’ War 1525 • Encouraged the nobility to suppress the rebellion after peasants turned violent (more than 100, 000 die) • Power of the nobility strengthened as a result

The Protestant Reformation Essential Knowledge • How did Martin Luther impact German politics and nationalism? STOP

The Protestant Reformation E) Creation of the Church of England (Anglican Church) 1. King Henry VIII • Pope Clement VII denied him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand Isabella of Spain)

The Protestant Reformation E) The Church of England 1. King Henry VIII • Henry VIII created the Church of England • Gains greater political control • Took over Catholic Church holdings in England makes him wealthier and allows him to reward loyal nobles

Henry VIII handouts Questions 1) Describe the relationship between Pope Leo X and Henry VIII when he was a young man? 2) Why did that relationship deteriorate? 3) What was his response (what did he create and why did he create it? )? 4) Why did Henry execute the majority of his wives? Why did this prove to be a mistake?

The Protestant Reformation E) The Church of England • Edward VI continued to support the Church of England • Mary I (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) tried to reestablish the dominance of the Catholic Church

Why is each significant? Write your answers down on a separate sheet of paper! 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) The crusades when speaking of the Renaissance Socrates, Plato, Aristotle when speaking of the Renaissance The 2 types of Humanism Who was Machiavelli? What was Protestant Reformation? List several types of corruption exhibited by the church. List 2 causes of the Protestant Reformation. Who was Martin Luther? Who was John Calvin? Peasant Revolt Henry the VIII and the Church of England Mary I (daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII) Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII)

The Protestant Reformation E) The Church of England • Elizabeth I reverted to Protestantism, strengthened Anglican Church, took decisive action against catholic plots staged against her and defended England against the Spanish to preserve Protestantism

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe A) French Religious Wars (1562 -1598) 1. Wealthy French influenced by Calvinism convert, call themselves Huguenots • Popular Calvinism manifested itself in iconoclasm (destruction of religious relics) which led to further unrest between Catholics and Protestants

The Protestant Reformation F) Catholic Reformation/Counter. Reformation 1. The Council of Trent 15451563 • Reaffirmed basic doctrines of the Catholic Church • Prohibited abuses (simony and indulgences)

The Protestant Reformation 1. The Council of Trent • Required that the clergy reject materialism and subscribe to a simpler life • Index of forbidden/ listed books Catholics were not allowed to read including the Protestant bibles

The Protestant Reformation G) Results of Protestant Reformation • End of religious unity in Western Europe • Increasing number of religious/civil wars • Increase in the strength of civil rule in Western Europe

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe A) French Religious Wars 2. Civil War • Weak Catholic monarchy sought to suppress the growing power of the Huguenots • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Aug 24, 1572): Thanks Charles IX • Thousands of Protestants killed sparking a 15 year civil war

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Essential Knowledge • What factors led to the French Wars of Religion? STOP

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe A) French Religious Wars 3. Stability of the crown becomes more important than religion A) Henry IV becomes king • He was a protestant leader who converts to Catholicism for the sake of peace (and his life)

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe A) Henry IV becomes king • He is considered a politique (a religious moderate who believed only a monarchy could save France)

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe A) Henry IV becomes king • He issues the Edict of Nantes 1589 ENDS THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION! • This is a peace offering to Huguenots • Grants religious toleration • Does not end political disenfranchisement (later revoked) • French monarchy moves towards absolutism under Henry’s successors

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Essential Knowledge • How did the reign of Henry IV show the importance of politics over religion? STOP

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 1. Rise of Austria and Prussia • HRE weak after Peace of Augsburg

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 1. Thirty Year’s War (Religious aspect) • Catholic Emperor Ferdinand (Austrian Hapsburg) tries to dominate the Protestant states of the HRE— successful in 1 st half of war • Armies took advantage of peasants • King of Sweden supported Protestants

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 2. Thirty Year’s War (territory and religion) (1618 to 1648) • Emperor was trying to take over more land for the Austrian Hapsburgs • Neighboring countries intervened with the hope of gaining land

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 3. Thirty Year’s War (Power) • France sided with the Protestants even though the king of France was Catholic in order to weaken the power of the Austrian Hapsburgs

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 4. Thirty Year’s War (Conclusion) • The Peace of Westphalia was the first modern state treaty • All nations of Europe has an equal right to negotiate with others

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe B) Territorial conflict in Europe 4. Thirty Year’s War (conclusion) • HRE (Germany) lost 4 million people • Economy was ruined • HRE weakened while Austria and Prussia gained power • France became one of Europes most powerful nations

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe France under Louis XIV 1638 -1715 • Powerful monarch • Goal was to expand France’s borders • Tried to seize land from neighboring states • Won battles early causing more desire for land

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe France under Louis XIV • European nations joined together to stop France 1680 • France suffered financial, social, and political costs • Citizens suffered from high taxes and poor harvests

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe France under Louis XIV • War of Spanish Succession 1700 -1713 1. Louis XIV tried to unite thrones of Spain and France under his grandson 2. England other nations allied to stop this 3. France and Spain lost American and European colonies 4. Thrones could not unite

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Essential Knowledge • Explain Louis XIV’s attempts to acquire territory and Europe’s response. STOP

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Eastern Europe • Economies were agriculturally based • Less advanced than Western Europe • Social and political systems were led by powerful nobles • Majority of the population were peasants

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Eastern Europe • Austria and Prussia become the most powerful city-states of Germany as HRE breaks down • Austria is ruled by the Hapsburgs • Hapsburg Empire covered Austria, Hungary, Bohemia (part of southern Germany) • Ruled over several ethnic groups

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Eastern Europe • Prussia dominates the northern part of Germany • Kings built a strong state with a powerful army

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe War of Austrian Succession • Maria Theresa inherited the throne of Austria • Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Austrian territory • Maria Theresa lost the land but kept her throne

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Seven Year’s War 1756 -1763 • Austria allied with France and Prussia allied with England • Fighting occurred in Europe and in colonial territories (French and Indian War) England/Prussia won • No territories exchanged in Europe • England gains French colonial holdings

Religious and Political Conflict in Europe Essential Knowledge • Compare the economies and political systems of eastern and Western Europe. STOP