Modern Studies Easter Revision Describe and Explain Questions

Modern Studies Easter Revision

Describe and Explain Questions Type of Question What you have to do… • PEE Describe • What something is • Reasons for something happenings Explain • PEEA • Why or how • Connections between factors Max. number of marks per point: 3 marks Depending on level of detail, relevance, accuracy and exemplification 4 marks Depending on level of detail, relevance, accuracy and exemplification and answers which show the interaction of various factors.

Important! • Knowledge questions – explain questions. Every time you see the word explain, think why. E. g. explain prison system question – you must state why prison is criticised.

How to tackle questions • Describe and Explain Questions • 6 marks = 2 paragraphs • 8 marks = 3 paragraphs • Support and oppose • 4 paragraphs – 2 pieces of evidence in each for all skills questions • Decision making questions • 3 paragraphs why you chose the option. • 2 paragraphs on why you didn’t choose the other option. • Conclusions questions • 3 paragraphs

How to answer decision making • You will be given two options at the beginning of the question. • Once you have made your decision, you will have to justify it using evidence from the sources. • The question will be worth 10 marks and you will be instructed to include the following: i. What option you choose ii. Reasons to support your choice iii. Explain why you did not choose the other option

Step 1 • Highlight everything that supports option 1 in one colour • Everything that supports option 2 should be highlighted in another colour

Step 2 – writing your answer • Firstly you should start your answer by making your decision clear for the marker to see… I have decided to recommend option ½ “…. . ”

Step 3 – Arguments to justify your decision • Next, you should clearly state your arguments to support your recommendation, referencing and quoting information from the sources: – E. g. One reason to recommend option 1 can be found in source …. where it states “…”. This can be backed up in Source … which states “…. ” This supports my recommendation that option 1 should be chosen. • You should give three clear reasons (in three clear paragraphs) to support your chosen recommendation • You should always make reference to the fact file and link to the source on your decision. At the end of each paragraph - link back to your option to show it is the best!

Step 4 - Reasons for NOT choosing the other option • You should then use your remaining 4 marks (two paragraphs) to clearly explain why you did not choose the other option. • To do this you will have to identify the weaknesses of the other option

Reasons for NOT choosing other • Clearly state you are moving on to the next section of the question: I have not recommended country B to join the EU, although Source … shows “…” However, source … shows “…” Therefore option … is not a suitable recommendation, and option … is the strongest.

Decision making questions • Task – Write your own explanation on how to answer a decision making question. – Produce a step by step guide.

Decision making questions • Task – Complete a decision making question, using the note you have made.

Types of Crime • Violent crime – The offender uses violence to cause harm to the victim. Example – assault. • Crimes of dishonesty - Theft is the generic term for all crimes in which a person intentionally and fraudulently takes the personal property of another without their permission or consent. Fraud is an act of deception intended for personal gain or to cause a loss to another party. This can include someone deceiving or knowingly making false representation or failing to disclose information. • Traffic Crime – The prosecution of traffic offences in the UK is considered vital to the enforcement and promotion of road safety and the protection of the public, with a wide variety of road traffic offences in place in order to punish those felt to be acting irresponsibly on the road (see laws section). • Ensure that you know 3 different types and examples of the exam.

Causes of Crime – PAPERS • • Poverty People who live in poverty are more vulnerable to crime. This is because they may need to result to a life of crime to make ends meet. For example, they may steal items they cannot afford or get involved with drug dealing to make money. • • • Area The areas of Scotland which have large cities tend to have higher rates of crime. Strathclyde – which contains Glasgow has the highest level of crime in Scotland – 700 per 10, 000 people Dumfries and Galloway has the lowest levels of crimes – 400 per 10, 000 people. Inner cities have a higher dropout and truancy rates from school Run down inner city areas lack of facilities, which leads to boredom and sometimes crimes such as vandalism or joy riding. • • • Peer Pressure This is when someone encourages or pressures others into crime For example, people may be persuaded by their peers into taking illegal drugs or do so to win popularity within a group. • • Education Lack of education -> no qualifications -> poorly paid job -> poverty Leads to boredom – more likely to get involved in petty crime such as vandalism This is an example of how the causes of crime are interlinked • • Role Models Where a young person is deprived of strong role models, strong relationships and happiness from an early age may well be a key cause of crime.

Task • Make your own mnemonic to remember causes of crime.

The impact of crime • • Victims of crime can suffer a range of different things, for example; Physical harm, Loss or damage to property and fear and distress. • • Criminals Many criminals will be imprisoned which means a loss of freedom and separation from their friends and family. A criminal record will likely mean trouble getting a job. Many employers will not hire someone with a criminal record. Some jobs do not allow people with criminal records (e. g. teaching). Many criminals end up reoffending and often find themselves in a life of crime. • • Businesses The likes of shoplifting and fraud cost businesses in Scotland billions of pounds every year. Cyber-crime such as identity theft is also another major issue that businesses have to contend with. • • Local Communities Crime can also have a significant negative on communities as a whole. Areas of high crime often become isolated. People who live in these areas often become stigmatised. As a result they may not have the same life opportunities as others. • • The economy Crime costs the UK economy £ 124 billion a year! If crime was reduced, this money could be better spent on hospitals and schools. Task: Create a PEE table for this topic.

Laws • Alcohol laws – • No happy hours • Prices must be set 48 hours in advance and must remain the same for 72 hours. • It is illegal to buy alcohol for under 18 s • Anyone doing so may be fined up to £ 5, 000 and or receive a three month prison sentence.

Alcohol laws • Discount deals have already been banned in supermarkets. • A provision of the Licencing Scotland Act 2005, introduced in October 2011, placed restrictions on how alcohol could be displayed and promoted. • Sales have dropped in Scottish supermarkets since the ban. • If this ban was introduced in pubs and clubs this may also reduce drunk and disorderly behaviour.

Traffic Laws • Ban on using mobile phones – max fine of £ 1000 and 6 penalty points • Speeding – range of points and even possibility of being banned • Drink driving – new limit - The changes are equivalent of around one half pint of beer or a small glass of wine. If over the limit, face criminal charges and loss of licence.

Task • Make a brief summary of alcohol and traffic laws in your notes.

Duties of the police • • Maintain law and order The police have an important role to play to ensure that everyone’s rights are respected. For example, they go out on the beat and they have a duty to ensure that protests do not become riots. • • Detect crime When a crime has taken place, police will investigate - checking out alibies and finding motives. This involves interviewing witnesses. The CID may also be called in. Police have access to many specialist resources to detect crime, such as forensics, police dogs and underwater divers. • • Prevent crime This can involve local schools and speaking to young people about the dangers of drugs and gangs. The police may also help set up neighbourhood watch areas. Police are often visible in cars and in busy town centres on Friday and Saturday nights, to deter people from committing crimes. They may also visit elderly people in their homes to give advice on security. Protect the public Ensure everyone is safe. An example of how the police protect the public is doing spot checks on drivers to check that they have insurance.

Powers of the police • • Stop and Search The police can stop any individual to ask what they are doing and where they are going. They can ask about a specific event or general questions. However, the police can only search someone if they have a good reason, for example if they suspect them of carrying an illegal weapon. • • Arrest and charge Usually the police will have a warrant to arrest, but there are circumstances where they may arrest people on the spot. They could do this if they saw someone committing a crime or carrying out dangerous or threatening behaviour. • • Issue fixed penalty notices Police have the power to issue fines on the spot for certain offences, for example, driving without a seatbelt. • • Enter a building with a warrant To do this, the police must have reasonable grounds to believe a suspect or evidence is on the premises. • • Detention of a suspect Police can keep people at a police station and question them for 24 hours, although a single session of questioning cannot go on for longer than 6 hours. They can apply for an extension of 12 hours, or longer for a terrorism offence.

Task • Create a mind map on the duties and powers of the police • Once you are done, cover this up and see how much of this you can remember.

Police Approaches

• • Proactive policing Police will target known criminals, especially those involved in organised crime, using informants and local intelligence to try and prevent any serious crimes from happening. Examples of this involve the use of phone bugging, CCTV and email hacking. • • Community policing This approach places a great emphasis on the ordinary beat officer. They will get to know the area intimately and will be recognised as a familiar face in the community. The officer will check shops at night, talk to local people and create a profile of the area including who the criminals and potential criminals are. • • Community involvement This is not the same as community policing, though it does work hand in hand with it. Officers in this branch become closely involved within the community, attempting to build up an atmosphere of trust. Local events for young people might be organised, crime prevention talks will be given, home security advice will be offered and work with minority groups will be undertaken. • • Zero tolerance campaigns In an effort to reduce crime and make the area a no go as far as criminals are concerned, police enforce the law extremely strictly, to the extent that someone dropping litter may be charged. Know trouble makers are targeted any infringement of the law attracts prosecution by the police. This is more likely to happen in areas with higher crime rates.

Local Examples • Police initiatives • Police Scotland has launched anti-violence initiatives. These will encourage people to reduce their alcohol intake in an attempt to reduce alcohol related violence. • They have also launched Operation RAC against domestic housebreaking which reduced housebreaking by 24 per cent between November 2013 and March 2014. • Another initiative launched by Police Scotland is the war on drugs, which saw a seizure of heroin in Ellon with a street value of £ 140, 000. • Police Scotland have also launched Operation Zenith to improve Motorcycle safety across the North East.

Task • 4 minute essay – write as much as you can in this time. • Cover this up • Explain it to the person next to you.

The court system in Scotland Court Types of Crime Jury decides verdict? Maximum Sentence Maximum Fine Justice of the Peace Minor offences, eg, Failure to pay fines, minor assaults, shoplifting, etc No Jury Present, the Judge (Justice of the Peace) decides 60 days in prison £ 2, 500 Sheriff Court Minor and serious crimes, Eg, theft Summary Trial – No Jury and serious driving offences Present Solemn Trial -Jury Decides Summary Trial – 12 months Solemn Trial -5 years Summary Trial – £ 10, 000 Solemn Trial -unlimited High Court Serious Crimes, eg, Murder, rape, armed robbery, drug trafficking, etc Unlimited Jury decides

Courts - Task • Make a flashcard to remember each court

Verdicts in Scottish Courts • Not Guilty – if the accused is found not guilty then the accused is free to go and cannot be prosecuted again on that charge. • Guilty – if the accused is found guilty the judge will decide on the most appropriate sentence. There is a wide range of sentencing options depending on the nature of the crime and the background of the person who has been convicted. • Not Proven – if the verdict is not proven the accused is free to go. This verdict is unique to Scotland is currently under review by the Scottish Government.

Sentencing • Read notes on sentencing. • See how long you can concentrate for. • This is known as the “pomodoro” revision technique and can help you to effectively revise!

Problems with prison • Overcrowding – High rates of overcrowding and poor conditions within the prison are against human rights. It can also breed hostility between prisoners. The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) annual report in 2011 stated that “Overcrowding limits our ability to deliver the quality of regimes needed to meet prisoner needs and tackle offending behaviour”. Scottish prisons are designed to hold 7848 prisoners but on the 30 th of March 2012 the total number of prisoners in Scottish prisons was 8295. This proves that Scottish prisons are overcrowded. • Lack of Rehabilitation – Due to a lack of funding and staff there are not enough rehabilitation programmes for prisoners. If prisoners are not properly rehabilitated then they are more likely to reoffend when they are released from prison. Currently, 64% of those released are re-convicted within 2 years. • Sentences are Too Lenient – Prison is seen as too easy on criminals due to special privileges such as TV’s, pool tables and day trips out of prison. The BBC highlighted in March 2013 that prisoners spend a considerable amount of time engaging in fun activities, which many argue is NOT a punishment. • Too Many Early Releases – After serving a certain amount of time individuals can be released early for good behaviour. This can impact negatively on victims and their families who don’t feel like justice has been done. 57% of prisoners serve 3 months or less. Task – make up 5 questions to ask someone in the class on sentencing and alternatives using how to pass and crime textbook. Move around the room asking questions.

Children's Hearing System • What is a Children’s Hearing? • A Children’s Hearing is a legal meeting arranged to consider and make decisions about children and young people who are having problems in their lives and who may need legal steps to be taken to help them.

• What is a Referral? • A referral is information received by the Children’s Reporter from anybody about a young person who may be in need of compulsory measures of supervision (legal intervention) to help them address their needs or behaviour. Most of the information about children and young people is received from the police, social work department or schools.

• What Decisions Can Be Made at a Hearing? • The panel members can decide: • To discharge the case if formal, compulsory supervision measures are not required • To continue the hearing at a later date if they need more information to help them make a decision about what is best • To issue a warrant to keep the child in a safe place for up to 3 weeks until the next hearing, but only if this is necessary • To make a supervision requirement if they consider that compulsory measures of supervision are needed to help the child.

Marking model answers • Look at the following answers • How many marks would these get out of 6?