Modern Europe As Europe moves toward economic and
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Modern Europe As Europe moves toward economic and political unity, it’s facing lingering ethnic tensions, nationalism, and environmental crises. 1
Turmoil in the Balkans • Yugoslavia was a nation of many ethnic groups distributed among six republics. List the 6 Republics
Roots of the Balkan Conflict • Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians • Croats are predominantly Catholic • Most Bosniaks and Albanians are Muslim 3
ØFear of Serbia • When Serbia tried to dominate Yugoslavia, other republics broke away. This sparked conflict. • Slovenia and Croatia declared independence, and the Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded Slovenia and Croatia. • Slovenia quickly gained freedom in 1991. • Montenegro declared its independence in 2002 • Kosovo declared its independence in 2008 4
• War in Bosnia – Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992. – Serbs wanted to get rid of Bosnian Muslims, and Croats. – Serbs used ethnic cleansing, or violent elimination of an ethnic group, to kill over 200, 000 people. – Over 2 million people fled the Balkans.
ØWar in Kosovo • Kosovo was inhabited by Muslim Albanians, and sought independence. • Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) attacked Serbian officials. • Serbian government bombed the Albanians, launched an ethnic cleansing against them. • In 1999, NATO bombed Serbia in order to stop the violence. • Serbs soon withdrew troops from Kosovo. 6
An Uncertain Future • Croatia joined the European Union in 2013. • Bosnia & Herzegovina applied to join the EU. The application was accepted on 9/20/2016 Current map of the Balkans.
Europe’s Pollution Problem • Golden Poison – In 2000, a Romanian gold mine leaked cyanide into streams and the deadly poison flowed into Hungary’s Tisza River. – It killed 80% of the river’s fish, and almost all of the area’s fishing jobs were lost. 8
• Causes of Water Pollution – Not all cities have sewage treatment plants, so harmful substances can contaminate rivers, soil, and crops. – Rain washes the chemical fertilizers off fields and into waterways. – This causes algae and plants to grow faster than fish can eat them, when the algae and plants die the decay uses all the oxygen and also kills the fish. 9
• Cleaning up the Water – Cleaning up requires cooperation between nations. – The European Union passes environmental protection laws that it’s members must obey. 10
• Causes of Air Pollution – Industrial factories put chemicals like sulfur in the air. – Breathing polluted air contributes to respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. – Air pollution harms livestock, stunts plant growth, and causes acid rain. 11
• Cleaning Up the Air – Individual countries passed laws to make air safer to breathe. – In 2013 the EU nations agreed to further reduce car emissions by 2020.
The European Union • After World War II (1939– 1945) European nations hoped to rebuild their economies and prevent new conflicts. • In 1951, France and Germany moved toward unification by signing a treaty giving control of their coal and steel to the multinational European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). • Later, Italy and Benelux also joined the ECSC. 13
• The European Economic Community (EEC) or Common Market formed in 1957. • The EEC removed trade barriers, and set common economic goals. • People could live and work in any of the member countries. • In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty replaces EC with European Union (EU) • There were 15 member nations. 14
The European Union Today • EU members use a common euro currency and some fear that this causes a loss of individual national identities. – There is no national currency picturing national heroes. – Workers can easily move from an area with low income to one with higher wages. 15
• Others feel euro increases business efficiency, and international trade. • Financial institutions began calculating transactions in euros in 1999. • Euros have been used in everyday life since 2002. 16
Expanding the EU • EU currently has 28 countries, and 508 million people. • It can be hard to manage a huge alliance. • Great Britain voted in 2016 to leave the European Union. • The European Union is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. 17
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Bibliography • Mcdougal Littell, World Geography. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2012 19
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