MODERN CHINA Featuring Chairman Mao Zedong Deng Xioping

MODERN CHINA Featuring Chairman Mao Zedong & Deng Xioping

3 principles of the people ■ Nationalism: – free china of foreign domination ■ People’s Rights: – government run by the people/democracy People’s Livelihood: – economic security

Read the article Sun Yixian (Sun Yatsen) and Communism in China ■ Then fill out the Important Chinese Leaders chart on page 6

Chinese Civil War ■ Despite their differences, Chiang’s Nationalists and Mao’s Communists worked together to defeat the warlords that had taken over the Chinese government. Nevertheless, by April 1927, Chiang and his Nationalist followers began turning against the Communist as well. The Nationalists began eliminating Communist leaders, which nearly wiped out the Communist Party. In 1928, Chiang became the president of the Nationalist Republic of China. Gradually the Nationalist Republic of China was supported by Great Britain and the United States, the Soviet Union, on the other hand, did not. Angered over the slaughtering of multiple Communist leaders, the Communists and the Nationalists became engaged in a bloody civil war that would last until 1949.

Leaders & Parties Nationalists Communists Chang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong

The Long March When: · 1934 -1935 What: 1. Chinese Civil War- Communist outnumbered and overpowered by Nationalist forces 2. Communist forced on 6, 000 mile retreat North/ thousands die of disease/wounds Result: ¨Communist set up stronghold in Northern China (7, 000 -8, 000 Communists)

The Long March ■ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-u. X 7 b. S 2 VCFw

Invasion of Japan First stop, Manchuria was noted for its industrial success and captured the interest of an imperial and eagerly modernizing Japan. When: ‡ 1931 What: ‡ Japan takes advantage of China’s vulnerability and invades China’s industrial center

Invasion of Japan Second stop, China. As the Chinese Civil War continued, the Japanese saw an opportunity to invade. By 1938 - Japan occupied much of China’s territory. When: ‡ 1937 What: ‡ Japan invades China ‡ 1938 - Japanese control a large part of China RESULTS: Due to Japanese threat, Chinese Nationalists and Communists were forced to temporarily unite to fight against the Japanese. This war between China and Japan became known as the Second Sino-Japanese War, which lasted from 1937 -1945.

Communists vs. Nationalists Despite the united effort from both the Chinese Communists and Nationalists against the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War, as World War II came to an end and Japan was defeated, the Chinese Civil War continued. Territory: Northern China Leader: Mao Zedong Political Party: Communism Foreign Support: Soviet Union Territory: Southern China Leader: Chiang Kai-Shek Political Party: Nationalists Foreign Support: United States & Great Britain

Chinese Communism In time, Mao Zedong had led his Red Army to victory in the Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Nationalists. Despite obtaining aid from the United States, the Chinese Nationalists were unable to maintain popular support or stabilize the Chinese economy, which fueled the Communist war effort. By 1949, Mao had established the People’s Republic of China under a Communist Regime. Jiang and his fellow Nationalist leaders retreated to Taiwan (Formosa)- where he created a “second China”, the Republic of China, and became the President. Throughout the Democratic world, anti-Communist feelings intensified as they watched the Communist government in China take over, especially in the United States.

Communist Victory • peasant support • Communist promise to return land to peasants • women’s support • oppressed by traditional society • superior army • experience, well-discipline, guerilla warfare

Two Chinas Republic of China People’s Republic of China (Nationalist China) Where: Mainland China Taiwan Leader: Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-Shek Political Party: Communism Nationalists Foreign Support: Soviet Union United States

Mao Zedong Readings

MAO ZEDONG’S ECONOMIC POLICIES

Agrarian Reform Law- 1950 • divided land among peasants and forced then to join collective farms • all proceeds to go state- no individual profit • 200 -300 households were combined to one farm • over a million landlords were killed

Five-Year-Plan- 1953 • by 1957 - production of coal, steel, electricity, cement increased • private companies were nationalized • industry grew 15% per year • agricultural output grew very slowly

Great Leap Forward Reading

Great Leap Forward ■ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=A 6 XQKYnrl. SA

Great Leap Forward Who/Where Communist China When 1958 called for a communes What Why • attempt to push the governmental success of the 5 -Year-Plan even farther- strengthen the Chinese economy • huge failure Result • poor planning and crop failures • Mao lost significant amount of influence

Cultural Revolution Purpose: Effect: • Mao to regain influence in China after the failure of the Great Leap Forward • generations without education • glorify peasants • growing opposition to communism o. Mao’s Red Guards led major uprising to establish a society where workers and peasants were equal o. Peasants were glorified- intellectual and creativity criticized o. Red Guards shut down colleges/eliminated opposition o 1968 - Mao admitted chaos and ordered the Chinese Army to suppress the Cultural Revolution

Changes for China ■ As China’s relationship with the Soviet Union continued to crumble, China’s premier Zhou Enlai (second in command to Mao) worried that China would once again become isolated from the rest of the world. Therefore, China began opening its doors to foreign influence. By 1971, the United States had endorsed the People’s Republic of China’s United Nations membership. Soon after, cultural exchanges between the United States and China prospered. Although both Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai died in the late 1970 s, their successor Deng Xiaoping continued this economic foreign policy.

China’s Two Revolutions ■ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UUCEe. C 4 f 6 ts

• • Deng Xiaoping: Four Modernizations progress in agriculture eliminated communes and leased land to individual farmers progress in industry permitted private businesses • • • progress in defense • progress in science and technology • welcomed in foreign technology and investment

One Child Policy Reading

• protestors gained large support • Deng declared martial law- ordered troops to surround Beijing forcing many students to leave the protest, although about 5, 000 remained in a standoff • June 1989 - troops stormed Tiananmen Square- killing/wounding thousands • Government began censoring events and repressing any further protests • Deng’s power was weakened and he lost support

Modern China Tibet: • A formerly independent country that was conquered by China in 1949. • Tibet is primary Buddhist and under Chinese rule the Tibetan people are forbidden to practice their religion and those who do are regularly persecuted.

Taiwan: • Since 1949, China communist government claims to rule Taiwan and Taiwan’s government claims to rule China. • Recently, China has threatened to attack Taiwan if they declare their independence from China.

Hong Kong: • 1997 China regained the port city of Hong Kong from Britain • China is still allowing Hong Kong its economic freedoms because it is an economically successful region.

China: • Jiang Zemin (1997 -2003) was the Leader of Communist China and he continued the policies of Deng Xiaoping. • Xi Jinping is the current Leader of Communist China and he has continued the economic policies of Jiang Zemin and Deng Xiaoping.