Modern and Traditional Food and Fibre Production Design

Modern and Traditional Food and Fibre Production ‘Design and Technologies - Investigate food and fibre production and food technologies used in modern and traditional societies (ACTDEK 012). Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n. d. ). (Bellarine Bayside, n. d. ) (Education Services Australia Ltd and Australian Museum, 2013) (The Australian, 2011) (The Forager's Year, n. d. )

WALT Today we are learning about the technologies involved in traditional food and fibre production. WILF I’m looking for you to describe what technologies were and are being used in the production of traditional food and fibre products. TIB This is because you need to understand that food and fibre are produced to eat and create products used within society.

Technology Definition: The application of knowledge and an experience to create products and ways of meeting societies needs through the use of resources for particular purposes. The application of knowledge to create technologies is an integral part of the heritage and future of Australia. It is also essential to sustainable development. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) public domain Image (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) In traditional Aboriginal societies science and technology were used to manage the environment for the benefit of all people. (Technology. org, 2015. )

A great variety of tools, weapons and utensils were used to gather plants for food, fibres and medicine as well as to hunt animals for food and clothing. In the manufacture of these tools and weapons rocks such as obsidian and quartz were attached to wood to create excellent cutting edges. These rocks in fact produce a cleaner, smoother cutting surface than steel. To attach the stones resins were used. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Australian Museum, 2015. ) The basic pattern of Aboriginal life was similar throughout Australia: small groups of people moved with the seasons over a particular territory. Their knowledge of seasonal changes in the environment and the ecology of plants and animals was very important in the search for food. (Oils and Plants, n. d. )

All people used a similar range of equipment which included: • netting and trapping equipment • digging sticks • cutting and chopping tools • hunting and fighting equipment eg. spears, boomerangs • equipment to prepare food e. g. (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) grinding stones • containers eg. bowls (coolamons) Some of these were only used in certain parts of Australia e. g. the returnable boomerang was unknown to Aborigines in the north and centre of Australia. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) Today, in parts of Australia where Aborigines live a semi-traditional lifestyle changes in technology have provided materials and utensils which are easier and more efficient to use, for example the rifle, billy can, crowbar, fishing net and twine. (IBTimes Co, 2015. )

Plant Use: Plants used to make fibres, tools and utensils. Fibres In many Aboriginal societies making objects from plant fibres was an important activity. Items needed for hunting as well as for carrying and collecting food were made along with ritual objects for use in religious ceremonies. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) Many of my people today have no need for traditional products from fibre, however in some communities people still make beautiful baskets, bags and mats. Most of these are sold although some are made for personal use or for gifts.

The parts of many plants provide fibre to make string, bags, rope, baskets and mats. Fibres come from the following plant parts: • The underground stems (rhizomes) of plants such as the bulrush • The leaves and stems from grass-like plants such as the mat-rush • The bark of trees and shrubs such as some species of (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) Acacia and native hibiscus. The stems of the After the plant parts have Spiny-headed Mat been collected the fibrous -rush and similar material must be extracted or plants are split separated. Some materials while still fresh are soaked in water until the and dried in the non-fibrous tissue rots away. sun. They are The remaining fibres are then later soaked in (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) softened by chewing or being water to make scraped with a shell or sharp them pliable. rock. The sappy inner bark of trees and shrubs is collected from strips of bark by separating it at one end and peeling it away from the outer bark. Paperbark needs little preparation; it is peeled from the trees and used to make water containers, mats, wallets and liners for babies baskets (AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS EDUCATION SERVICES, 2000. )

Aboriginal fibre crafts today When Europeans first came to Australia almost every Aboriginal person would have been skilled in some form of fibre craft. Today, in south-eastern Australia only a very small number of mostly elderly women and some men now have knowledge of traditional fibre crafts. These people value their skills and are in most cases eager to pass on these skills to younger generations. The main items produced now are coiled baskets and mats. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) In the remote areas of northern Australia, there are still keen and very skilled fibre workers. These are mainly women who sell their products, including bags (coiled and twined), string bags, and different sized mats. Traditional designs and materials have undergone modifications for example in Arnhem Land cardboard boxes are boiled along with the plant fibre material to extract the blue/grey ink from the paper. (AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS EDUCATION SERVICES, 2000. )

Tools and Utensils Spears were sometimes made from reeds but they were also made from the roots of certain trees. To straighten them they were chewed then placed in hot coals to be hardened. Different heads were attached to the spears to kill different animals. For example fish were hunted with a two to three-pronged spearhead. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) Different shaped points were also used on spearheads. The points are examples of inclined planes. The smaller the angle the greater the penetration. (Oils and Plants, n. d. )

Fire drills were made from the straight sticks of Austral Mulberry (Hedycarya angustifolia) in many parts of Australia. The Yalata people in South Australia used the wood of the Quandong tree to make fire drills. The drill is a straight stick which is rotated rapidly between the hands while it is pressed into a small socket in a flat piece of wood such as the dry flowering stalk of a grass tree. Dried grass, leaves or kangaroo dung is used as tinder (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Black Diamond Images, n. d. ) (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) Fire was used for farming, driving game towards hunters or in fire-stick farming where areas of grassland were fired to encourage regrowth which would attract animals. It was also used to heat shafts and for heating resins and cooking food. (Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, 2014. )

Clubs and boomerangs were often made from She-oaks (Casuarina species and Allocasuarina species) and wattles. The club was an important tool used over most of Australia. They were mainly used in hunting, for example after an animal was felled by a boomerang a club was used to kill it. Clubs were also used in dances and ceremonies. Both men and women used them. Clubs in northern Australia were also made of light timber. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) Boomerangs are thought to have developed from the throwing club. They were used in hunting as well as beating sticks to provide music. The returning boomerang was made only in the east and west of Australia. It was mainly used for fun however it could be used to frighten water birds who would then be speared for food. (AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS EDUCATION SERVICES, 2000. )

Wooden bowls (coolamons) and shields were sometimes made Wooden bowlsofwere known as coolamons in from the wood of species eucalypt such as Manna Gum parts of Australia. They were used for collecting, (Eucalyptus viminalis) and Red Box (Eucalyptus ployanthemos). transporting and storing and In central and Western Australia thefood wood of water. Mulga Some (Acacia had a sharpened end for digging. Women used aneura) was often used to make bowls and shields. traditionally made human Particularlyhead largerings shields were made fromofthe very hair lightto timber balance bowls on their heads. (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) of certain softwood treesthese in northern Australia. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) In eastern Australia bowls were made of bark which had been soaked in water, moulded into shape and the ends pinched together.

Resins were used to bind stones to handles as well as wood to wood in some spear-throwers Resins, which come from certain plants, become soft when heated and very hard when cooled, that is, are thermoplastic. Resins are obtained from Porcupine Grass (Triodia species) and Grass Trees (Xanthorrhea species). (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) Gums were also used as adhesives however their use is limited by the fact that they swell and shrink depending on humidity. Gums are obtained from a number of trees including wattles and eucalypts. (Oils and Plants, n. d. )

Plants used as foods and medicines in Aboriginal cultures Plants included fruit, seeds, nuts and the green parts of plants, which were only available at certain times of the year. Roots, tubers, corms and bulbs could be dug all year round. Gum was also eaten at any time of the year. In many parts of Australia we used fire to keep the bush open and to allow the growth of new seedlings. Many Australian plants re-grow quickly after fire. In Arnhem Land, Queensland the Kimberleys, many tropical trees bear fruits and seeds, these include Fig (Ficus species) and Macadamia nuts. Yams (Dioscorea species) were important root vegetables. (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) When Europeans arrived in Australia, Aborigines ate a balanced diet made up of seasonal fruits, nuts, roots, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods varied from area to area depending on availability, season and the preference of the people. In some, warmer parts of Australia plants made up about 65 -70% of the people’s diet, however, in colder areas plants made up about 30% of the diet. It was the women who collected the plant food. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. )

In central Australia, where water is scarce, there are many fewer plants. In these areas we harvested seeds of native grasses and wattles such as Mulga ( Acacia aneura), and the seed of the Coolabah tree (Eucalyptus microtheca). Fruits of the variety of ‘bush tomatoes’ (Solanum species) , Quandong or Native Peach, Native Plum and Desert Fig (Ficus platypoda) were eaten. Roots eaten in central Australia included the Desert Yam (Ipomoea costata). (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) In the southern parts of Australia the most important foods were roots such as those of the Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum) which was chewed or beaten to obtain a sticky starch. Many native lilies such as the Fringe Lily (Thysanotus tuberosus) have small tuberous roots which were collected for food. Murnong or Yamdaisy (Microseris lanceolata ) was plentiful, favourite food. (Oils and Plants, n. d. )

The fruits of some plants were eaten including the Native Cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis), Geebung (Persoonia pinifolia), Wild Raspberry (Billardiera scandens) and Alpine Pepper (Drimys xerophilia). (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) The nectar of certain flowers was sucked or used to make sweet drinks. Flowers used for this purpose included those of Banksia species, Grevillia species and Callistemon species (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. )

The seeds of many grasses were ground and baked while the seeds of some wattles were roasted and eaten whole The spores of Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii), an aquatic fern, were eaten raw. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) Bulrush, also known as cumbungi (Typha species), was a useful food along the Murray. Darling river system. Many plants provided medicines. Very little preparation was required. Leaves were bruised, roots or bark pounded to use as poultices. To be taken internally the chemical in the plant material were extracted using hot water. Many Australian plants such as teatrees, eucalypts, boronia and mints are rich in aromatic oils. These oils are very useful in treating respiratory illnesses.

Example of plants used in medicine The juice and crushed leaves of the Australian Bugle (Ajuga australis) were used by Aborigines in northern NSW to cure sores and ulcers. In WA an infusion of the roots of the Prickly Fanflower (Scaevola spinescens) was drunk to ease stomach aches. (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) The young leaves of the Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) were chewed as a treat for head colds. They were brewed in warm water to make a liquid which was helpful in treating headaches and general illness. (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) The leaves of mint bushes (Prostanthera species) were crushed and placed on the temples to relieve headaches. The head could be cleared by inhaling the vapour from crushed Eucalyptus leaves.

So today you have learned about just some of the technology my people employed to collect food and medicine as well as the technology we employed to make use of plants in making useful products and implements. (Oils and Plants, n. d. ) (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) In the next lesson we will have a look at the progression in technology used in wheat farming and, in science, you will be growing some wheat under different conditions to understand how climate and soil affect growth. You will also collect and display your data.

So what have you learned in today’s lesson? What did you enjoy about today’s lesson? (Pendleton-Gazette, 2015. ) What didn’t you enjoy about today’s lesson? (Oils and Plants, n. d. )

Smile Break Buzz. Feed, Inc. (2015). 33 Brain-Melting Works Of 3 -D Sidewalk Chalk Art. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http: //www. buzzfeed. com/ariellecalderon/brain-melting-works-of-3 -d-sidewalkchalk-art#. xdk. XPGLbj

Buzz. Feed, Inc. (2015). 33 Brain-Melting Works Of 3 -D Sidewalk Chalk Art. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http: //www. buzzfeed. com/ariellecalderon/brain-melting-works-of-3 -d-sidewalkchalk-art#. xdk. XPGLbj

Buzz. Feed, Inc. (2015). 33 Brain-Melting Works Of 3 -D Sidewalk Chalk Art. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http: //www. buzzfeed. com/ariellecalderon/brain-melting-works-of-3 -d-sidewalkchalk-art#. xdk. XPGLbj

Buzz. Feed, Inc. (2015). 33 Brain-Melting Works Of 3 -D Sidewalk Chalk Art. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http: //www. buzzfeed. com/ariellecalderon/brain-melting-works-of-3 -d-sidewalkchalk-art#. xdk. XPGLbj

Buzz. Feed, Inc. (2015). 33 Brain-Melting Works Of 3 -D Sidewalk Chalk Art. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http: //www. buzzfeed. com/ariellecalderon/brain-melting-works-of-3 -d-sidewalkchalk-art#. xdk. XPGLbj

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