Models of Urban Land Use Models of Urban

Models of Urban Land Use

Models of Urban Land Use in North America Study of urban land use generally draws from three descriptive models 1. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model 2. Hoyt’s Sector Model 3. Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model

Models of Urban Land Use These models were developed to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in early industrial US cities 1. None of them can accurately describe land use in all cities 2. Describe patterns of land use in a generic city, do not describe the process by which land use changes 3. The political powers of a city council are most often found in the constitution of the state in which the city is located

Some assumptions seen through the models (some will be addressed in later models) • Private ownership of property • Economic competition for space • CBD is main point for employment • Expanding area and population • Physical geography plays no role (flat & featureless) • Transportation is cheap, fast and reliable in all directions

Trade Off Model of Land Use • Rents decrease as distance increases • Certain land use types benefit from a more central location • In the United States, an increase in the amount of money in an urban ghetto typically results in the ghetto becoming more ethnically diverse, less segregated, and less cohesive

Models of Urban Land Use Criticisms of all models • Economic focus • Marginalize cultural/social influences • Limited environmental focus

Models of Urban Land Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model Peripheral Model Urban Realms Model Transport Technology/Intraurban Model White’s 21 st Century Model Urban Development Model

Concentric Zone

Sector Landless residents usually work to improve their situations by meeting in political demonstrations and later forming grassroots organizations

Multi-Nuclei

Peripheral An urban heat island is a city that is hotter than surrounding suburban or rural areas. In urban heat islands, air quality is comparatively lower and there are greater health risks due to heat waves. When a city is not designed to be sustainable and ecofriendly, it has the potential to become an urban heat island

Vance’s Urban Realms Each Urban Realm is shaped by: • Terrain • Overall city size • Amount of economic activity in each realm • Internal accessibility of each core • Inter-accessibility among realms

Adam’s Model • Focused on intraurban growth • Based on breakthroughs in transportation technology • A pattern of outward-urban expansion • Occurred in 4 stages – <1888 - Walking-Horsecar era – 1888 -1920 - Electric Streetcar era – 1920 -1945 - Recreational Auto era – 1945 -present- Freeway era – Radial era 1945 -1970 – Circumferential Beltway 1970 -Present

Intraurban growth The exodus of middleand high-income residents from urban areas to the suburbs during the 1970 s and 1980 s was characterized as a racial movement: white flight

Walking/Horse car (1800 -90)

Electric Streetcar (1890 -1920)

Recreational Auto (1920 -1945)

Freeway (1945 -present) Radial Highway (19451970)

Freeway (1945 -present) Circumferential Beltway (1970 -Present)

White’s 21 st Century Model Comprised of seven key elements: 1. Core-still key but functions may have changed 2. Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion 3. Pockets of poverty and minorities 4. Elite enclaves 5. Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history 6. Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development 7. Epicentres and corridors

Joke

URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL

Stages of Urban Development Model • • Urbanisation Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation Reurbanisation

Urbanisation Stage • Certain settlements grow at the cost of surrounding countryside

Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation Stage • When the urban ring grows at the cost of the urban core

Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation Stage • When the population loss of the core exceeds the population gain of the ring resulting in total loss of population

Reurbanisation Stage • Either the rate of population loss in core tapers off or the core starts regaining population

Suburbanisation Factors: • • • Rise in disposable incomes Automobile Resisting annexation which lead to incorporation Huge demand for housing Public policies promoting 1. Home Ownership (Govt Loans) 2. Highway Construction (Interstate System)

Housing cooperatives offer property for rent or ownership that is often owned by the cooperative and controlled equally by all residents

Exurbanisation Factors • Deconsentration of employment & creation of office parks & manufacturing parks • Anti-urban location preference (larger home lots) • Policies favoring development instead of urban revitalization

Counterurbanisation Factors • • • Decentralisation of manufacturing Growth of service sector Early retirement & large retirement $$$ Pursuit of leisure activities “Modernization” of rural life Long distance commuting Anti-urban feelings Completion of interstate Growth of energy & extractive industries

Reurbanisation Factor • Shift in urban economy from manufacturing to service • Growth in sunbelt cities • High tech growth • Immigration filling inner city areas • Re-focus on urban living – Revitalization of downtowns • Lofts • Sports Arenas – Gentrification of older areas

Developing World Urban Land Use Models

Developing World Urban Land Use Models • Classical (North American) models of urban structure do not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures • The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD and a traditional market district • It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer locations near the downtown commercial areas • Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the edges of the urban area in squatter settlements – called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in much of Africa • Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed

Latin America 1. Urban Primacy • Resulting from rural-to-urban migration 2. Spatial Polarization • The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of suburbanization • The poor live in slums and squatter settlements 3. Uneven or dual economies • A large informal sector

• What are some of the different cultural influences seen in this urban form?

• Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models? Dissimilarities?

African Cities • Colonial urbanization is seen most frequently in port cities used to export resources – From mines, forests, or plantations • Colonial cities were (and are) highly segregated – Western residential areas are distinct from indigenous (or local or native) residential areas

Types of African Cities • • Indigenous City Islamic City Colonial City European City Dual City Hybrid City Apartheid City

Apartheid City

Islamic City • City center has both mosque and souk/soq (market or bazaar) • Neighborhoods are stable – Few people move in or out – No gentrification • Genders are separated – Separate male and female spaces

• What are the cultural influences seen in Accra’s urban form?

Southeast Asian Cities • More than one CBD, each with its own commercial activity – Colonial CBD – Chinese CBD – Often an Indian CBD • Elite corridor towards the airport • Residential zones are haphazrd • The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well as new suburbs and new towns • Many gated communities

Colonial Based South Asia City • Generally based upon a port (trade and military) • Fort and open space used for protection & recreation (cricket) • Native area overcrowded and unsanitary • CBD supported Europeans while bazaar supported natives

Bazaar-based South Asian City • Older than colonial based cities • Trade based origin focused on bazaar and crossroads • Concentric in origin • Segregation based upon: – Religion – Language – Caste

• How well does Jakarta match the Model of the South-East Asian City?