MODELS OF ENERGY STORAGE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Energy

MODELS OF ENERGY STORAGE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Energy storage? What we find out? ● ● ● Capacitors Hydro-buoyancy - mechanical energy storage chemical energy cell air compression organic batteries

Capacitor? What is it? A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit.

Capacitor we have made:

Something about Hydro-Buoyancy is a force that lifts an immersed object in a fluid or gas (ex. Water). In a column of fluid or gas, the pressure increases the further down you go. The pressure is therefore greater at the bottom of the column, than the top of the it. When you submerge an object into a fluid or gas, the same concept will happen to the object. There will be more pressure at the bottom of the object than the top of the object. This pressure difference results in buoyancy, which is an upward going force. Some of the factors in buoyancy is the density of the object and the fluid or gas. If the object has a higher density the gravitational force is stronger, and that will counter the buoyancy, soin all the forcer upwards is smaller. On the other hand, if the fluid has a higher density, the pressure difference will be greater, and therefore the buoyancy will be greater. The last factor to affect the buoyancy is the volume. The pressure is dependent on the area of an object, and the buoyancy is the pressure difference, caused by height. This all together is volume. This is the formula for buoyancy.

Chemical energy cell This is how the efficiency of the battery will be calculated. It is done by calculating how much energy there is put into the system and how much there comes out. Since it can not be directly measured so the formula is changed so it can be calculated. The way it is calculated is by taking the gibbs free energy and dividing it with the mass multiplied with a constant multiplied with the change in temperature.

Air compression An Air Compression energy storage plant is a place where you can store energy. Compared to pumped hydro power stations, Air compression power stations are much larger. It works by ambient air getting compressed and stored under pressure in an underground cavern. When electricity is rerquired, presurised air is heated and expanded in an expansion turbine driving a generator. Multistage air compressors have unter and outer coolers to keep the air from exanding when not needed. This makes sure the discharge air is 300 degrees farenheight and cover injection room temreature to 110 degrees farenheight. The heat is extracted by either extraction or by intermediate cooler Using the heat of the combustion gas turbine exhaust in a recpurator to heat incoming air. The heat of compression can be stored and used for adiabatic expansion. Compression stage uses up to about 2/3 of the turbines capacity. This means that the turbine can produce 3 times the amount of energy for some natural gas imput. This reduces CO 2 emissions by around 40 to 60 %

Organic batteries Organic Brief overview The organic battery is a relatively new technology. It's aiming to be a more environmentally friendly replacement for the Liion battery, having the same or greater energy storage potential. Development These batteries are currently not available for commercial uses, however there are working prototypes that have been developed by countries and companies. The aim is for them to replace the current Li-ion batteries How it works The battery is made of a long flexible plastic chain called a polymer that consist of lots of smaller molecules called monomers. These monomers contain a oxygen and nitrogen atoms, the oxygen atom gains an electron from the nitrogen in a redox reaction. This means that the oxygen has an additional electron and has a charge of 1. Once a circuit is connected the additional electron from the oxygen can then flow across the monomers into the wire powering the circuit. As the battery powers a circuit, the electrons are used to power items. The battery can then be recharged by running a current through it ionizing the oxygen's, providing them with an additional electron.

Sources of renewable energy ● ● Wind energy Hydropower Solar energy Biofuel

Wind Energy Advantages Disadvantages green unpredictable renewable costs enormous potential noise space-efficient looks rapid growth threat to wildlife prices are decreasing low operations cost

Hydropower Advantages Disadvantages renewable unpredictaenvironme ntal consequencesble green expensive reliable droughts safe limited reservoirs flexible

Solar Energy Advantages Disadvantages green cost reduce bills weather dependent diverse applications solar energy storage is expensive low maintance costs uses a lot of space technology development associated with pollution

Biofuel Advantages Disadvantages inexpensive food vs. biofuel renewable loss of habitat flexible harmful nitrous oxide production additives limitations in its use in vehicles carbon neutral ignorance clean

Their use in our region Unfortunately, there aren’t so many capabilities to use those solutions around the Grójec. the only one which is possible to use and some people do it is solar energy, but in many cases it is just for heating water. On the other hand we can find some fields with wind turbine about 100 km from Grójec.

Their use in our region Wind turbines are more numerous in the north of Poland. The latest technological solutions can be used there. Our aim is to disseminate the results of the project and try to encourage people to save energy on an individual level.