Models of Cities Burgess Model Concentric Zone Theory

Models of Cities

Burgess Model- Concentric Zone Theory ► Ernest Burgess-1920’s ► Five functional zones 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Central Business District Transitional Zones § Deteriorating residential areas, light manufacturing & some business § Slums § Large, poor immigrant population Working Class Zone § Housing for blue collar workers in the city Middle Class Residences Suburban Ring- Commuter Zone

Hoyt Model- Sector Model ►Homer Hoyt-1930’s ►Focused on where the social classes in the city lived ►Develops in sectors, not rings ►Wealthy residential areas also expand from the CBD ►Low class residential areas are near industrial districts

Harris & Ullman- Multiple Nuclei Model ►C. D. Harris & E. L. Ullman-1945 ►More than one center of activities - Port, university, airport, suburban business, etc… ►Certain regions in a city have their own nuclei or center

Urban Realms Model ►Focuses on importance of growing Edge Cities ►Shifting focus of urbanization away from the CBD toward economic activity at the urban fringe ►Each area has its own realm with its own separate economic, social, & political entities ►Edge Cities are characterized by extensive office space, retail space, few residential areas & modern buildings (less than 30 years old) ►Edge Cities are soon becoming metropolises (Tyson’s Corner)

American Cities • CBD- commercial center of urban area, skyscrapers, bid-rent theory, suburbs, shopping malls • EASTERN CITIES: – Built before invention of automobile so streets are narrow, densely residential, mass transportation (city may still have more people than suburbs) • WESTERN CITIES: – More spread out, homes have yards, more reliance on automobile than mass transit, grid street system, suburbs (sometimes have more people than city itself)

European Cities • Zoning can be mixed residential, commercial, & industrial • Preservation of historic buildings • Dendritic Street Pattern: looks like root system of trees that curve & wind through city (cities designed for foot traffic) • Wealthy live IN city, while lower class live outside in suburbs • Use of GREENBELTS to stop spread of development, & prevent cities from overlapping

Latin American Cities • High urban growth rates due to poverty of country sides • Cities include a spine of high income residential areas, extends from CBD (protected by gated communities) • Edges of city have squatter settlements (barriadas) • Cities laid out like a hubspoke bike wheel, all roads lead to city center

Asian Cities • Usually located on coasts, built for trade • May have specific zones for Western companies to locate their businesses • Very modern because they have grown so recently • Established many shopping malls • Megacities are common • Include a marketgardening zone because of preference for fresh food

African Cities • Strong colonial imprint still evident in structures & functions of cities • Three distinct Central Business Districts: – Colonial CBD (government) – Traditional CBD (commercial center) – Market/Bazaar CBD (farmer’s market: sells anything from rugs to animals) • Lack transportation systems, unpaved roads are common