Modeling RoleModeling Theory Helen C Erickson Presented by

Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory Helen C. Erickson Presented by: Claudette Erungel & Elizabeth Semmelmann

Professional Background �Saginaw General Hospital of Nursing- 1957 ◦ Emergency Room ◦ Medical –Surgical Nurse �BSN University of Michigan-1974 �Masters Degree-1976 medical-surgical & psychiatric nursing �Ph. D Educational Psychology-1984 �Holistic Spiritual View �AHNA 2012 Holistic Nurse of the Year

History �Modeling and Role Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for Nursing ◦ Published: 1983 ◦ Contributing Authors: Evelyn M. Tomlin & Mary Ann P. Swain

Wholistic Model Holistic Model Wholistic vs. Holistic (Reference Figures: Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983, p. 45 -46)

Modeling and Role Modeling Theory �Concepts drawn on: ◦ Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development ◦ Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Needs ◦ Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Stages ◦ Selye and Lazarus's General Adaptation Syndrome

Modeling and Role Modeling Theory �Modeling A process that enables the nurse to understand the patient’s unique perspective of his or her world and to learn to appreciate its value and significance. “…the nurse…develops an image and understanding of the client's world as the client perceives it…" (Erickson, et al. , 1983, p. 254)

Modeling and Role Modeling Theory �Role-Modeling A process by which the nurse accepts the patient unconditionally. “The facilitation and nurturance of the individual in attaining, maintaining or promoting health through purposeful intervention. " (Erickson, et al. , 1983, p. 254) In other words, the patient helps guide the care plan.

Nursing Paradigm: The Patient �The patient is the expert! �Unique perspective of his or her world �Combination �Think of body, mind, emotion, & spirit patient-centered care

Nursing Paradigm: The Patient � Affiliated Individuation ◦ Support system accepts patient’s individuality � Self-Care ◦ Knowledge - Resources – Actions � Response � Adaptation to stressors Potential �Equilibrium vs. maladaptive equilibrium �Arousal �Impoverishment

Nursing Paradigm: The Nurse �Nurses Roles 1. Facilitation 2. Nurturance 3. Unconditional Acceptance

Nursing Paradigm: The Nurse �Five goals of nursing intervention 1. To build trust 2. To promote the patient's positive orientation 3. To promote the patient's control 4. To affirm and promote the patient's strengths 5. To set mutual, health-directed goals.

Nurse-Patient Relationship (Reference Figure: (Erickson, et al. , 1983, p. 44)

Nursing Paradigm: The Environment �What can promote optimal health? ◦ Strong support system ◦ External resources �What can detract from optimal health? ◦ Stress and Anxiety ◦ Attachment and Loss

Nursing Paradigm: Health �Intrinsic Abilities ◦ Genetics and prenatal/perinatal occurrences �Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome ◦ Physiological response to stress �Psychosocial �Cognitive Stages → attitudes & strengths Abilities → depend on sequence

Nursing in the 1970 s � Hospice founded in 1971 � Center for Research created from Division Nursing grant in 1975 � Nurses Health Study began in 1976 � Promotion � Nurse of minority nurses Practice Act � National � Critical Certification programs for nursing specialties began nursing shortage due to Medicare expansion

What does this mean? �Nursing research became recognized. �Nursing training moved from hospital setting to universities and colleges. �More nursing specialties were established (ex. Nurse Practitioner and Doctorate of Nursing). �Focused �First patient care became more defined. nurse strike happened. Salaries improved. �Nursing force became more diverse.

Educational impact on nursing � 1997 -American Association of College of Nursing “…baccalaureate nursing schools have the responsibility to provide education that emanates from nursing’s core values, which include caring for the person, facilitating healing, and protecting the environment. ” (Erickson, 2007) � 2004 -American Holistic Nurses’ Certification Corporation offers two holistic nursing certifications (HN-BC & AHN-BC)

Modern Practical Use of MRM �Acute Setting ◦ Patient perceptions of care (HCAHPS) guide Medicare hospital reimbursements ◦ Example: Depression Diagnosis and Hospital Readmissions

Modern Practical Use of MRM �Long Term Care ◦ Nursing roles of facilitation, nurturance, and unconditional acceptance are essential for optimal health. ◦ “…people could die and still be healthy if they experience comfort and peace in their mind and soul and were connected with loved ones. ” (Erickson, 2007)

Modern Practical Use of MRM �Ambulatory Care ◦ Currently, health plans and hospitals are establishing care management teams to case manage, educate, and promote selfcare of patients with complex chronic disease using individualized care plans. ◦ This team reduces readmission rates and ED visits. ◦ The focus is connecting the patient with resources, establishing a better support system, and developing coping skills for stress and anxiety.

Modern Practical Use of MRM �Cultural competency �ETHNIC framework �Complimentary/alternative �Integrative medicine �Patient-centered care modalities (CAM)

Reference List Erickson, H. L. (2007). Philosophy and Theory of Holism. Nursing Clinics of North America, 2, 139 -163. doi: 10. 1016/j. cnur. 2007. 03. 001 Erickson, H. L. , Tomlin, E. M. , & Swain, M. P. (1983). Modeling and Role-Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for Nursing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Sappington, J. and Kelley, J. H. (1996). Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory: A Case Study of Holistic Care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14: 2, 130 -141. Nursing Planet | Nursing Theories. (2012). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http: //nursingplanet. com/theory/modeling_and_role-modeling_theory. html Why I Want To Be A Nurse. Org | Erickson Theory. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http: //www. whyiwanttobeanurse. org/nursing-theories/modeling-and-role-modeling- theory. php Why I Want To Be A Nurse. Org | Helen C. Erickson-Nursing Theorist. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http: //www. whyiwanttobeanurse. org/nursing-theorists/helen-erickson. pho Nursing Theory | Helen C. Erickson-Nursing Theorist. (2013). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http: //nursing-theory. org/nursing-theorists/Helen-C-Erickson. php