MODALS PART 2 Unit 7 Grammar Forms Functions

MODALS PART 2 Unit 7 Grammar Forms & Functions 3

Shall, Let’s, How About, What About, Why Don’t, Could, Can = Make Suggestions ØAll these are suggestions made by questions EXCEPT “Let’s” Ø“Why don’t” can be a normal question OR a suggestion Ø“Could” and “can” are sometimes suggestions. “Could” is more polite than “can” Ø“Let’s” and “let us” can mean that the speaker expects the listener to agree – “Let us” is more formal than “let’s”

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Incorrect. Need a question mark because this A. Shall we leave now. suggestion is in the form of a question. Correct. Need a question mark because this B. Shall we leave now? suggestion is in the form of a question. Incorrect. Use a noun or A. How about go to gerund after “how about” or dinner now? “what about. ” B. How about going to gerund after “how about” or dinner now? “what about. ” C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Both are correct. “If you A. like” Weand can“maybe” leave now help if indicate suggestions – you like? soften the statement. Both are correct. “If you B. like” Maybe we can help leave and “maybe” indicate now? suggestions – soften the statement. C. Both See are Correct. explanations. correct. Correct. Use a noun or C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Prefer, Would Prefer = Express preferences Subject (would) prefer(s) Object (To + Object) I prefer coffee to tea. He would prefer drinking coffee to tea. She prefers to drink coffee. ØObjects of “prefer” or “would prefer” can be nouns, gerunds, or infinitives. Ø“To + Object” is optional if both speakers understand what the second object is. ØIf the first object is an infinitive, do not add “to + object. ” ØCan use “than + another infinitive” instead ØI prefer to go to the movies than to rent videos.

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Incorrect. Use “than + A. Mike prefers to go infinitive” after an infinitive rock climbing to surfing. after “prefers. ” Correct. Since “television” is a A. I object, prefer not television to it noun a gerund, should bemovies. followed by “to” + noun object. Incorrect. The infinitive“to fish” follows “would prefer; ” A. They would prefer to therefore, it should be fish tobyhike. followed “than + infinitive. ” Correct. Use “than + B. Mike prefers to go infinitive” after an infinitive rock climbing than to surf. after “prefers. ” Incorrect. This is not a balanced sentence. Since “television” is a B. I prefer television to noun object, not a gerund, it going to movies. should be followed by “to” + noun object. Correct. The gerund B. They follows would “would prefer “fishing” prefer” and to is followed fishing hiking. by “to” + the gerund “hiking. ” C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Would Rather = Express preferences Subject Would Rather (not) Base Verb Object (Than + Object) (Than + Base Verb + Object) She would rather have Starbucks’ than have Mc. Donald’s coffee. We Would Yes/No Questions would rather not drink alcohol. Subject Rather Verb Object Would I/you rather have tea? Would we/they rather have tea or coffee? Would we/they rather have tea or have coffee? (Or + Object) (Or + verb + Object) ØUsually use “prefer” for general statements. ØUsually use “would prefer” or “would rather” for specific choices ØRefuse an offer by saying “I’d rather not” NOT “I wouldn’t rather. ” ØThese are comparison statements also.

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Both are correct. The A. Would youcan rather second object be dropped if the speaker have juice? understands the context. Both are correct. The B. Would youcan rather second object be dropped if the have juice or speaker water? understands the context. C. Both See are Correct. explanations. correct. A. I’d rather to Incorrect. If younot usego “not, ” do. San not use a secondthan object Bernardino ofstay comparison. home. Correct. If you use “not, ” do B. I’d rather not go to not use a second object of San Bernardino. comparison. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Both are correct. The base A. Bob would rather eat verb can be repeated fishthethan tofu. between “than + object. ” Both are correct. The base B. Bob would rather eat verb can be repeated fish than eat +tofu. between the “than object. ” C. Both See are Correct. explanations. correct. Click to go to next slide.

May, Could, Can = Ask Permission ØExample, “Could I check this book out? ” “May I use your phone? ” Ø“May” and “Could” are more polite than “Can” Ø“Please” usually goes after the subject or at the end of the sentence. ØExample: “Could I please borrow the car? ” “Could I borrow the car, please? ” Ø“Could” for permission is present or future tense – for ability it is past tense ØWhen ask permission with “Could, ” the short answer uses “may” or “can. ” ØExample: “Could I borrow your dictionary? ” “Yes, you can. ” ØCan answer with phrases like “Sure, ” “No problem, ” and other informal sayings. ØIf refusing permission, then usually offer an apology or explanation.

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Correct. Do not answer A. “could” “Couldpermission I borrow a questions withyou “yes, you pen? ” “Yes, may. ” could. ” Incorrect. The base verb A. Canafter I your comes thedictionary subject – permission word + subject + borrow? verb. Correct. “Please” usually A. May I please borrow a goes after the subject or at thecouple end of of thedollars? sentence. Incorrect. Do not answer B. “could” “Couldpermission I borrow a questions with “yes, you pen? ” “Yes, you could. ” C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Correct. The base verb comes B. Can I borrow your after the subject – permission worddictionary? + subject + verb. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Incorrect. “Please” usually B. May please I borrow a goes after the subject or at thecouple end of of thedollars? sentence. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Will, Can, Could, Would you mind = Make Requests Modal Subject Base Verb Will you pick up my mother? Would you mind want to catch some dinner with me? Gerund Would you mind mailing this for me? Would you mind waiting for me to finish? Ø“Would” and “Could” more polite than “will” and “can” ØCan add “please” ØUsually give an explanation if you refuse a polite request Ø“Would you mind” ØNegative answer means you will do what they want ØPositive answer means you are not willing to do it

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Both are correct. “Please” A. Would you answer can go at the end of these letters for me, sentence or after the please? subject. Incorrect. Negative answers A. “Would you mind to “would you mind” mean that waiting? ” “Yes, I’m happy you are willing to do too. ” something. A. Can you mother Incorrect. Themy verb goes thethe subject. pickafter up at airport? Both are correct. “Please” B. Would you please can go at the end of the answer these letters for sentence or after the me? subject. C. Both See are Correct. explanations. correct. B. “Would you mind to Correct. Negative answers “would you mind” that you waiting? ” “No, mean I’m happy are willing to do something. too. ” C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. B. Can you my Correct. Thepick verbup goes after at thethe subject. mother airport? C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

May, Might, Could = Express Possibility ØDo not contract “may not” or “might not” when talking about possibility ØWhen “could” is talking about present possibility, it is not negative. ØYes/No questions about possibility use “could” – not “may” or “might” Ø“May” or “Might” can be answers to questions Ø“Maybe” is an adverb used at the beginning of sentences Ø“May” + “be” is a modal (may) + verb (be) ØUse modal + “have” + past participle for past tense ØExample: He might have been there yesterday. ØBe sure to not write “might’ve, ” “could’ve” or “may’ve” as “might of, ” “could of, ” or “may of”

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. A. There could Correct. Do not usehave “could of”been instead of “could have. ” a bad accident. A. I may. Modal not need an Correct. comes between the subject and verb. umbrella today. A. You couldn’t Correct. Need thehave past participle “have. ” seen Maryafter yesterday. B. There Do could a Incorrect. not of usebeen “could of” instead of “could have. ” bad accident. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. B. May notcomes I needbetween an Incorrect. Modal the subject and verb. umbrella today. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. B. Incorrect. You couldn’t see Need have the past participle after “have. ” Mary yesterday. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Should, Ought to = Express Probability ØI will be there. 100% sure ØI should be there. 90% sure ØI ought to be there. 90% sure Ø“Should” and “Ought to” are present and future tense ØUse the perfect modal form when something will probably happen, but don’t know for sure. ØExample: Their plane should have landed by now. ØAlso use perfect modal form for something you expect to happen that hasn’t happened yet

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Incorrect. Do not use A. He. Doshould Correct. not usehave “should of” insteadhis of “should passed driving have. ” test. B. He should of passed “should of” instead of his driving test. “should have. ” C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. A. Incorrect. Maria should beperfect at work Use the modal yesterday. for the past tense. B. Maria should have Correct. Use the perfect modal pastyesterday. tense. beenfor atthe work C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. A. I will able to verb the Incorrect. Needtoa go base afteron the. Saturday. modal. party B. I will Need be able to go to Correct. a base verb after the party on modal. Saturday. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Must, Must Not, Can’t = Make Deductions ØUse both “must” and “must not” for deductions ØUse “can’t” but not “can” for deductions Ø“Must not” & “Must” when almost 100% sure Ø“Can’t” when we are 100% sure ØExample: Shirley missed class. She must not be feeling well. ØExample: We had lunch half an hour ago. You can’t be hungry already. ØUse perfect modal form for past tense ØUse “couldn’t have” in addition to “can’t have”

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Both are correct. But A. She can’t have “couldn’t have” is more finished yet. have. ” common than “can’t A. They must not have Correct. Need the past stopped to eat because participle after “have. ” they got here early. A. Dana know must LA Incorrect. Need a base verb very well since she has after the modal. lived here so long. Both are correct. But B. She couldn’t have “couldn’t have” is more finished yet. have. ” common than “can’t C. Both See are Correct. explanations. correct. B. They must not have Incorrect. Need the past stopparticiple to eat because they after “have. ” got here early. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. B. Dana must know LA Correct. Need a base verb very well since she has after the modal. lived here so long. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Click to go to next slide.

Progressive and Perfect Progressive Modals Progressive Form Subject Modal (not) Be Verb + ing You might not be working tomorrow. They should be playing now. Yes/No Questions Modal Subject Be Verb + ing Could we be training together? Perfect Progressive Form Subject Modal (not) Have Been Verb + ing You might not have been working yesterday. They should have been playing. Yes/No Questions Modal Subject Have Been Verb + ing Why should he have been studying?

Verbs followed by infinitives Click on the correct sentence. Correct. Modal comes Incorrect. Modal comes A. Why should Joe have before the subject in beenquestions. home early? B. Why Joe should have before the subject in beenquestions. home early? C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. A. They must have been having an argument. B. They must have having Incorrect. Need “have been. ” an argument. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Correct. Need “be” between B. He could be waiting the modal and the for someone. progressive verb. C. Both are Incorrect. Try again. correct. Correct. Need “have been. ” Incorrect. Need “be” A. He could waiting for between the modal and the someone. progressive verb. Click to end show.