Modals And related verbs Modal verbs Will Would
Modals And related verbs
Modal verbs • • • Will Would Shall Should Can • • • Could May Might Must Ought to
Verbs related to modals • Similar to modals when it comes to meaning, but function in a different way • Have to (morati) • To be allowed to (smjeti) • To be able to (moći)
Use: • Used in front of other verbs and add meanings such as: obligation, certainty, probability, possibility, ability, permission, prohibition I go to school every day. I must go to school every day. – obligation
Use: • All modals have at least two meanings: Her car is not at home. She must be out. (Sigurno je vani) – probability • All modals can express degrees of certainty, probability and possibility. will must/can’t most certain should may might/could least certain
Characteristics: • There is no –s in the third person. He can do that. • There is no do/does in the question. Can he do that? • There is no don’t/doesn’t in the negative. He cannot (can’t) do that.
Characteristics: • They are followed by an infinitive without to. The exception is ought to. I must study. I ought to study. • They don’t have past forms, infinitives, or –ing forms. Other verbs are used. I must study today. I had to study yesterday. • They can be used with perfect infinitives to refer to the past. She must have written her homework by now. (Sigurno je napisala zadaću dosad. )
OBLIGATION: should, must, have to / have got to • You should study harder. (Trebao bi učiti više. ) mild obligation, advice • I must study harder. I want to pass the exam. (Moram učiti više. ) strong obligation, the speaker feels the necessity • I have to study harder. The teacher told me so. (Moram učiti više. ) strong obligation, situation makes sth necessary (law, rule)
OBLIGATION: should, must, have to / have got to • have to = have got to • I've got to study harder. spoken English, British E • I had to study yesterday. umjesto must, za prošlost koristimo oblik had to • You mustn't play computer games. (Ne smiješ igrati kompjuterske igrice. ) prohibition (zabrana), it’s important NOT to do something • I don't have to write my homework. (Ne moram pisati zadaću). no obligation
PERMISSION: can, may, be allowed to • • • May I go out? (Smijem li ići van? ) I can go out tonight. (Mogu/smijem ići van večeras. ) I am allowed to go out tonight. (Smijem ići van večeras. ) I was allowed to go out last night. (Smjela sam ići van sinoć. ) I will be allowed to go out tomorrow. (Smjet ću ići van sutra. )
ABILITY: can, could, be able to • I can speak English. (Znam govoriti engleski. ) • He could swim when he was 5. (Znao je plivati kad je imao 5 godina. ) general ability • He was able to swim across the river. (Mogao je preplivati rijeku. ) specific occasion • He will be able to swim when he recovers. (Moći će plivati kad se oporavi. )
REQUESTS: can, could, will, would • • Can I speak to you, please? – more familiar Could I ask you a question? – more formal Will you help me, please? Would you pass me the salt?
OFFERS: will, shall • Shall we go out for a meal tonight? – suggestion • Dave will give you a lift. - intention • I will give you a lift if you like. - offer
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