Mobility 101 You too can spew TLAs like

Mobility 101 You too can spew TLAs like a pro March 2012 Rajaram Pejaver raj@pejaver. com Note: The views presented here are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect any views of any one else. Please contact the author if you have comments or objections regarding the content. © Rajaram Pejaver, 2012

Outline • Blah blah • More blah Outline Cell phone networks l l l l Evolution of Mobile Networks The Secret Terminology Basic Network Architecture Various Cell Phone Standards IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) Challenges in a Mobile Networks Questions © Rajaram Pejaver, 2012 Official Disclaimer This presentation reflects the author’s personal opinions and may depict a simplified version of the facts without any malice intended. Any and all errors are solely attributable to the author. 2

Mobile network history or what the **ck is 4 G? Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 3

Mobile network history or what the heck is 4 G? Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 2 G 1993 50 K GSM, +SMS cdma. One, IS 95 Digital 4

Mobile network history Many people still have these phones Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 2 G 1993 50 K GSM, +SMS cdma. One, IS 95 Digital 2. 5 G 2002 90 Kb GSM, +GPRS, +EDGE CDMA 2000, 1 XRTT Digital 5

Mobile network history 3 G: can you hear me now? Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 2 G 1993 50 K GSM, +SMS cdma. One, IS 95 Digital 2. 5 G 2002 90 Kb GSM, +GPRS, +EDGE CDMA 2000, 1 XRTT Digital 3 G 2007 5 M UMTS, HSPA W-CDMA 2000, EVDO Digital 6

Mobile network history 2 Gb data plan limits Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 2 G 1993 50 K GSM, +SMS cdma. One, IS 95 Digital 2. 5 G 2002 90 Kb GSM, +GPRS, +EDGE CDMA 2000, 1 XRTT Digital 3 G 2007 5 M ~ UMTS, HSPA W-CDMA 2000, EVDO Digital 4 G 2011 90 M ~ LTE Wi. MAX Digital LTE Advanced 7

Mobile network history Wait for 5 G Gen G Year Data Rate 3 GPP Most of the world 3 GPP 2 USA Radio Tech 1 G 1981 0 K NMT AMPS Analog 2 G 1993 50 K GSM, +SMS cdma. One, IS 95 Digital 2. 5 G 2002 90 Kb GSM, +GPRS, +EDGE CDMA 2000, 1 XRTT Digital 3 G 2007 5 Mb UMTS, HSPA W-CDMA 2000, EVDO Digital 4 G 2011 90 Mb LTE Wi. MAX Digital LTE Advanced 5 G 2020 2 Gb Global Pervasive Nirvana (GPN) Multimode 8

Terminology Speak the Lingo l l l l l MSISDN SIM IMSI NAI IMEI / MEI UMTS PLMN 3 GPP GPRS HLR / VLR Customer’s dialable mobile phone number Subscriber information module Unique customer identifier in the SIM, a long number Customer Identity, number@domain, like an email addrs International Mobile Equipment Identifier, a long number Universal Mobile Telephony System Public Land Mobile Network 3 rd Generation Partnership Project General Packet Radio Service Home Location Register / Visitor Location Register 9

Network Architecture How your wife can call you from the mall UE External Network Core Network Radio Access Network Voice Data Serving Nodes Gateway Nodes PSTN RNC RNC Internet Backhaul links • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA Internet Foreign Core 10

Standards - 1 GSM, standardized by 3 GPP, deployed worldwide UE External Network Core Network Radio Access Network MCS A Voice ISUP GMSC Voice PSTN BSC MCS A GMSC Voice Serving Nodes Gateway Nodes BSC Backhaul links • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA PSTN Foreign Core 11

Standards - 2 CDMA 2000, Qualcomm’s baby, blessed by 3 GPP 2 External Network UE BSC A 7 BSC A 1/A 2/A 5 Voice MSC Voice PSTN A 3 BSC A 7 Data A 10/A 11 PCF PDSN Data BSC Data BTS Serving Nodes PCF Data Gateway Nodes Internet Backhaul links • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA Internet Foreign Core 12

Standards - 3 GSM begat UMTS, with GPRS & EDGE UE Core Network: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network MCS Iu. CS RNC Voice ISUP External Network GMSC Voice PSTN Iu. PS Gn Iu. PS RNC Data SGSN Data GGSN Data Serving Nodes Gateway Nodes Internet Backhaul links • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA Internet Foreign Core 13

Standards - 4 then on the fifth day, W-CDMA took upon UMTS UE Core Network: UMTS MCS Iu. CS RNC Voice ISUP External Network GMSC Voice PSTN Iu. PS Gn Iu. PS RNC Data SGSN Data GGSN Data Serving Nodes Gateway Nodes Internet Backhaul links UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA Internet Foreign Core 14

Standards - 5 and lo, UMTS begat EPC for LTE UE Enhanced Packet Core External Network PSTN S 5 S 1 -U Data SGW PGW S 5 Data Serving Nodes S 11 IMS Data Gateway S 8 Nodes Internet Backhaul links • Authentication • Billing • Mobility • Services • CALEA PGW Internet Foreign Core 15

Voice over IP Packets Finally, a use for IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) PSTN IMS does the Signaling for Multimedia calls l l l Finds parties using their NAI (Network Access Identifier) l A NAI looks like: 2122211234@phone. net Sets up sessions between the parties domains VZW LTE domain l Send INVITE to various parties l Audio call, video call, SMS, multicast, HTTP, … Negotiates CODECs for each session Negotiates Qo. S (Quality of Service) for each session Manages a user’s Presence PSTN l “Available for talk”, “busy”, “offline”, “bored”, … Billing & Service authorization Reliance India IMS Internet Comcast Land Vo. IP 16

Challenges What makes mobile networks different l Voice vs. Data transmission l l l Voice requires low latency & high quality Circuit switching vs. Packet switching Sharing the air with thousands of other UEs Smooth Handoffs Routing Roaming 17

The Radio Interface Transmission Techniques for sharing air FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access l TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access l l call 2 Combination Vortex radio coding (New!!!) Hedy Lamarr invented CDMA call 7 call 3 call 4 call 5 Time Frequency hopping CDMA-TD l l Time slices (2 ms) of frequencies, 3 UEs/channel call 6 call 1 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access l l 395 separate (30 kb x 2) channels, typically. Frequency l FDMA TDMA Frequency l call 1 call 4 call 9 call a call e call 2 call 5 call 7 call c call f call 3 call 6 call 8 call d call g Time Call “e” ended here Call ‘h” took its slot 18 call 1 call 4 call 9 call a call h

Handoffs Europe calls them handovers l l RNC Types of Radio Handoffs: l Inter frequency: within a cell. Serv l Inter cell tower: within a serving node area. Serv l Inter serving node: within a carrier. l Roaming: between carriers. RNC Hard vs. Soft handoffs: l Hard: break tower connection before making new one. l Soft: make a new connection before dropping old one. l Softer: make a multiple new connections before dropping. l Ultra Soft: use Charmin when you need to go. Gwy Serv RNC 19

Routing “Marco”, “Polo”, … Problem: As the phone changes cells, l l Apps on phone need a fixed IP address But network routing needs changing IP addresses Data Solution: IP tunneling / packet encapsulation l l “Outer” packet address changes “Inner” address stays the same Tunneling methods used: l l l CDMA 2000: GRE tunnels GSM/W-CDMA: GTP v 1 tunnels LTE: GTP v 2 tunnels Data 20

Thank you for listening!! Now get back to work http: //pejaver. com/Papers/Mobility 101. pps GPL copyleft terms, do not reuse for profit. © Rajaram Pejaver, 2012 21