Mobile Handset Virtual Machine Outline Virtual Machine n

Mobile Handset Virtual Machine

Outline Virtual Machine n Java Virtual Machine n Dalvik Virtual Machine n 2

Concept n A virtual machine (VM) is a software emulation of a real machine so that ¨ another operating system can run in the simulated machine ¨ more than one different operating systems can run at the same time n Fundamental idea: abstract the real hardware into different execution environments 3

VM Components (1) n Three components of a virtual machine ¨ Host: underlying hardware system ¨ Virtual machine manager (VMM): creates and runs different virtual machines ¨ Guest: the emulated operating system on the host system 4

VM Components (2) Guest VMM Host Non-virtual machine Virtual machine 5

System/Process VM n Two major kinds of virtual machines based on their emulation degree of real machines ¨ System virtual machine: it provides a complete system platform to support a complete operating system ¨ Process virtual machine: it runs a single program and supports a single process 6

System VM It usually emulates a platform to run programs where the real hardware is not available to use (for example, running Mac OS on a windows computer) n Multiple OSes can co-exist on the same physical hardware and are strongly isolated from each other n Popular virtual machine manager products: Xen, VMware Workstation, Sun Virtualbox n 7

Process VM It is created when the process is started and destroyed when the process exits. Its purpose is to provide a platform-independent programming environment so that a program can execute in a same way on any platform n For example, Java bytecode can run on any platform where there is a Java Virtual Machine and the code does not need to be recompiled. n 8

Outline Virtual Machine n Java Virtual Machine n Dalvik Virtual Machine n 9

Java Virtual Machine Java Virtual machine (JVM) is the virtual machine that can execute Java bytecode. It is the execution part of the Java platform n It helps Java to achieve its goal “write once, run anywhere” by hiding the differences between different operating systems n 10

Java Bytecode Java bytecode is the instruction set for Java virtual machine n Each bytecode consists of two parts n ¨ One or two bytes that represent the instruction ¨ Zero or more bytes for parameters n Java compiler compiles Java code into Java bytecode. The Java programmer does not need to be aware of or understand Java bytecode 11

Example of Java Bytecode Java Code Java Compiler instruction Fucntion iconst_n Push the integer constant n onto the stack istore_n Store an integer value into the variable of index n iload_n Load an integer value from variable of index n sipush Push a short integer onto the stack iinc n i Increase variable of index n by i 12

JVM Workflow (1) Java source code is compiled into Java bytecode which is stored within. class files n Each class in Java source code will be compiled into one. class file. n The. class files are read and interpreted by JVM n 13

JVM Workflow (2) A. java A. class Java Compiler Compile source code Java Virtual Machine Class Loader PI A a v a J Bytecode Interpreter B. class Host system (Windows, Linux, etc) 14

JVM Components (1) n Class loader ¨ Loads . class file into memory ¨ Verifies bytecode instructions ¨ Allocates memory for the program 15

JVM Components (2) n Runtime data area ¨ Method area: it stores class and method codes ¨ Heap: it is the place where Java objects are created ¨ Java stacks: they are places where Java methods are executed ¨ Program counter (PC) registers: they store memory addresses of the instructions which to be executed ¨ Native method stacks: they are places where native methods (e. g. C programs) are executed. Native method is a function which is written in another language other than Java 16

JVM Components (3) Native method interface: it is a program that connects native method libraries with JVM for executing native methods n Native method library n Execution engine: it contains the interpreter which converts Java bytecode into machine code n 17

JVM Architecture 18

Java Runtime Environment We usually install the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) on our computers to use the Java platform n JRE consists of the JVM and Java APIs n 19

Outline Virtual Machine n Java Virtual Machine n Dalvik Virtual Machine n 20

Introduction Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) is the process virtual machine in Google’s Android operating system. It executes applications written for Android. n It is open-source software which was originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of Dalvik in Iceland n 21

Why DVM not JVM n When Google selected Java as the language for developing Android applications, it chose DVM instead of JVM for several reasons: ¨ Though JVM is free, it was under GPL license, which is not good for Android as most the Android is under Apache license ¨ JVM was designed for desktops and it is too heavy for embedded devices ¨ DVM takes less memory, runs and loads faster compared to JVM 22

Android Architecture Virtual Machine C/C++ 23

Dalvik Bytecode Dalvik bytecode is the instruction set for Dalvik virtual machine n Android programs are firstly compiled into Java bytecode which is in. class files. A tool called dx then converts Java bytecode into Dalvik bytecode n 24

Dalvik Bytecode VS Java Bytecode Java source code Java bytecode Dalvik bytecode 25

Dalvik Bytecode VS Java Bytecode 26

DEX File A. dex (Dalvik EXecutable) file is used to store the Dalvik bytecode. It is converted from. class files and executed on the DVM n The. dex file has been optimized for memory usage and the design principle is sharing of data n It uses shared, type-specific constant pools as its primary mechanism for saving memory n 27

Constant Pool Concept A constant pool is a table stores all constant values (e. g. string constants, field constants, class constants, etc. ) used within a Java class. n Constant values are referred to by their index in the constant pool rather than stored throughout the class n Constant pool is the biggest part of the Java class file and takes up 61% of the file size n 28

Constant Pool Optimization (1) Although average size of one. class file is quite small, the size still matters because the time to read file from storage is a dominant factor in VM startup time n. dex file optimizes the constant pool when converted from. class files n 29

Constant Pool Optimization (2) n In the. class file, each class has its own private, heterogeneous constant pool. It is heterogeneous because all types of constants (field, string, class, etc. ) are mixed together n In the. dex file, all classes share the same typespecific constant pools. Duplication of constant values across different classes is eliminated 30

Constant Pool Optimization (3). class Heterogeneous Constant Pool Other Data Java Compiler Java Source Code (. java files) . class Heterogeneous Constant Pool Other Data dx tool. dex Strings Constant Pool Class Constant Pool Field Constant Pool Method Constant Pool Other Data 31

Memory Saving Evaluation n The Android team found that. dex file format cuts the size in half of some common system libraries and applications within Android system Code Size of. class Files (bytes) Size of. dex File (bytes) Common System Libraries 21, 445, 320 (100%) 10, 311, 972 (48%) Web Browser App 470, 312 (100%) 209, 248 (44%) Alarm Clock App 119, 200 (100%) 53, 020 (44%) 32

Zygote (1) Zygote is another concept used by Android to speedup VM performance n Every Android application runs in its own instance of the VM, so VM instances should be able to start quickly when a new application is launched n Zygote enables code sharing across different VM instances and provide fast startup time for new VM instances n 33

Zygote (2) n n n Zygote is a VM process which starts at system boot time. When Zygote starts, it initializes a VM instance and preloads core library classes which are good candidates for sharing across processes Zygote will sit and wait for socket requests from other processes who need new VM instances Cold starting VM takes a long time. Once a request occurs, Zygote will fork a new VM instance from itself and the startup time will be minimized 34

Zygote (3) 35

Android Runtime n n Android Runtime (ART) is an application runtime environment used by Android operating system It is designed to replace Dalvik virtual machine. It supports standard. dex file to maintain backward compatibility ART came out as an alternative runtime environment in Android 4. 4 Dalvik virtual machine was entirely replace by ART in Android 5. 0 36

Java Source Code to Android App Java Compiler Java Source Code (. java files) Java Bytecode. class file dx tool Dalvik Bytecode. dex file Resource files Package Builder Android App. apk file 37

Android Application Launch Procedure n Many things happen in the background when a user clicks on an icon and launch a new application ¨ The click event gets routed to activity manager. ¨ The activity manager sends parameters to Zygote process over the socket connection and creates a new process ¨ Zygote forks itself and returns the new process ID ¨ The activity manager attaches the new process to the application and the application’s classes will be loaded into the process’s memory ¨ The application is launched 38

References (1) n n n n n http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Virtual_machine http: //www. virtual-managed-servers. com/process-virtual-machine. html http: //www. virtual-managed-servers. com/system-virtual-machine. html http: //courses. mpi-sws. org/os-ss 11/lectures/proc 9. pdf http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine http: //www. utdallas. edu/~muratk/courses/cloud 11 f_files/smith-vmoverview. pdf www. cse. sc. edu/~rose/311/ppt/ch 16. ppt http: //web. cs. wpi. edu/~cs 502/s 06/Lecture. Notes/ http: //www. javaservletsjspweb. in/2012/02/java-virtual-machine-jvmarchitecture. html#. VOupzfn. F 9 t 8 http: //skillgun. com/question/436/android/basics/what-is-the-differencebetween-dvm-and-jvm-why-android-opted-for-dvm 39

References (2) n n http: //multi-core-dump. blogspot. com/2010/04/android-application-launchpart-2. html http: //multi-core-dump. blogspot. com/2010/04/android-applicationlaunch. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dalvik_(software) http: //www. cs. duke. edu/~chase/cps 210/slides/android-chase. pptx 40