MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES http web uettaxila
MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES http: //web. uettaxila. edu. pk/cms/2019/spr 2019/temcitms Internet of Things in 5 G Courtesy of:
Outline Wireless Evolution Seven Key Technologies for ICT Applications & Services Example Features Application Scenarios Wireless Communication Standardization Forums 5 G Standardization 5 G Promises 5 G Requirements User Experience System Performance Device Requirements Enhanced Services Business Model Management & Operation Internet of Things From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment References 2
Wireless Evolution: Technologies, Services and Business Models SDN Networking + Device Virtualization + Block. Chain Packet Networking Internet of Vehicles 5 G/6 G Internet 3 G/4 G Smart Grid Internet Manufacturer Digitalization 2 G/2. 5 G(Digital) Internet 1 G (Analog) Internet Manufacturer 3 Internet of Things Manufacturer
All of The Following Seven Key Technologies for ICT Applications & Services Have Been Constantly Improving: • • 4 Communication Computing Storage Interfaces Sensors Actuators Software Algorithms Source: Dr. Adam Drobot
Wireless 5 G: Why Now? • Currently 3 G/ 4 G could deliver unprecedented: – Coverage – Bandwidth – Latency (not quite yet!) – Reliability • But 3 G/4 G could not fulfill many of the demanded emerging services and the new type of social media-enabled traffic pattern • • • After i. Phone was introduced in 2007 by Steve Jobs, demand spiked immediately Traffic volumes will increase at least 10~100 X from 2010 to 2020 Energy required will be at least 10 X, Need Green Energy Communication Need “Best Effort” Qo. S >> ”Guaranteed” Qo. S Services for End-to-End Internet Networks, and Spectral Efficiency Need new Business Models 5
Wireless 5 G: How? (i. e. Anticipated Features) • In the Near Future: Wireless 5 G’s anticipated features – Wireless 5 G technologies should deliver explosive range & depth of services: – – 6 • Personalization, • Ubiquitous availability, • Context awareness, • Smart Data Pricing (SDP) NFV/SDN-Based Mobility Management for Wireless 5 G Cognitive Radio Network (CRN)-Based Spectrum Sharing Small Cell Networks (for huge data transactions applications) New Business Models: Naa. S, Daa. S, Kaa. S
Examples: Three Features and One Application Scenario for the Future Wireless 5 G • Feature 1: Small Cell Networks • Feature 2: Smart Data Pricing • Feature 3: SDN-Based Mobility Management Application Scenario: Internet of Vehicles (Io. V) 7
Small Cells for LTE, Io. T, 5 G 1, 2 3 Interference/ Coverage 3 D Radio Resource Management e Tim Radio 4 Network Operator Service for smarter apps. POWER FLOW Frequency 1. More efficient traffic aggregate for smarter apps and services 2. More efficient Qo. S management for revenue based model 3. More adaptive network management for deploying to multiple areas (Indoors, Wide, Hotspot) and business cases (Metro, Residential, Enterprise) 4. More efficient spectrum/radio resource management to squeeze more capacity and value out of spectrum Source: Ming-Jye Sheng, EDGE Lab. Princeton University
Why Smart Data Pricing? (1/3) Source: Prof. Bo-Chao Cheng
Why Smart Data Pricing? (2/3) • Bandwidth-Hungry Devices • Cloud Service • M 2 M Applications • Capacity-Hungry Application Network Congestion (Bursty Internet Traffic) Flat-Rate Pricing Source: http: //www. potaroo. net/studies/1 slash 8. html Hard Solution: Network Deployment 10 Soft Solution: Pricing Strategy • Usage-Based • Application-Based Cons 1. What Time 2. Traffic Condition 3. Network Resource Source: Dr. Gi-Ren Liu & Prof. Phone Lin
Applications for Smart Data Pricing (3/3) Time & Traffic Dependent Pricing: • Peak Load Pricing • Off-Peak Discounting 11 Change of User Incentives for Internet Access Time- & Traffic -Shifting Data Demand Pros: • Ease Network Congestion • Flatten Traffic Burst Cons: • Limits Network Neutrality • TUBE by Chiang's lab, a solution, allows smartphone users to pay for their network usage based on what time they download videos and other data. • The UI on an i. Phone provides users with information on pricing and usage history to Example: TUBE Solution by Mung Chiang’s LAB, PRINCETON encourage them to use their phone during off -peak hours. Source: Dr. Gi-Ren Liu & Prof. Phone Lin
What is SDN-Based Mobility Management* • Incompatible wireless systems will still coexist in the future • In SDN-based mobility management – Core network and radio network are reconfigurable – Both network and mobile node can choose their preferred mobility management protocols *Jyh-Cheng Chen, et. al, “Reconfigurable architecture and mobility management for nextgeneration wireless IP networks, ” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, August 2007 *Jyh-Cheng Chen, et. al, "RAMP: reconfigurable architecture and mobility platform“. IEEE GLOBECOM 2005 12
Why SDN-based Mobility Management • The network can incorporate different mobility protocols with different features. • Mobile node can change its mobility protocol at anytime when moving into different networks. • Can incorporate new protocols easily • Can integrate heterogeneous networks easily • Provide guaranteed Qo. S for end-to-end Internet 13 Source: Prof. Jyh-Cheng Chen, NCTU
Internet of Vehicles: Vehicular Telematics Applications (1/2) Safety/Auto Services Navigation & Mobility Infotainment & E-commerce V 2 I Communication V 2 V Communication GPS Telematics Enabled Vehicles Connected Vehicle Services Enabling Trends • Safety/Auto services • Smartphone Platforms • Driver Safety and Security • Vehicle Maintenance • App Store Business Model • Tethering for OBU • Navigation & Mobility • OBU and Passenger Entertainment Systems • Traffic, ETA, POI, Localized Searches • Tolls and Parking • Embedded wireless and sensors • Smartphone integration with improved HMI • Infotainment & E-Commerce • Infrastructure • Digital Content • Social Networking • Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) • Cloud based delivery 14
Internet of Vehicles: High Speed Rail (HSR) (2/2) • • Train Control System – Data transmission • Required high reliability and security Communication System – Voice communication • Train crews and operation center – Data transmission • Diagnostics, CCTV or etc. – Passenger service • Wi-Fi connecting to Internet Acela Express (Amtrak, USA) TGV (SCNF, France) Tokaido Shinkansen (JRC, Japan)
Wireless 5 G: What ? (i. e. Our Objectives [PASS]) • Performability – full connectivity, coverage, bandwidth, latency, green energy • Adaptivity (for future traffic volumes) – CRN-based spectrum sharing & NFV/SDN-based mobility management, context awareness • Scalability – number of nodes and traffic volumes • Security – confidentiality, integrity, availability, reliability, privacy and trust
Technology Trend (1/2): Cloud-based Networking >> Fog-based Networking • Pushing processing and storage into the “cloud” has been a key trend in networking and distributed systems in the past decade. In the next wave of technology advance, the cloud is now descending to be diffused among the client devices, often with mobility too: the cloud is becoming “fog. ” • Fog Networking combines the study of mobile communications, micro-clouds, distributed systems, and consumer big data into an exciting new area 17 Source: Prof. Mung Chiang, Princeton University
Technology Trend (2/2): Cloud-based Networking >> Fog-based Networking Examples of recent Fog Networking R&D activities range from RF and physical layer to Application layer: • Client-driven distributed beam forming • Client-side Het. Nets control • Client-defined cloud storage systems • Efficient distributed storage at the edge micro-clusters • Smart Data Pricing implemented through client-side control • Crowd-sourced LTE network state inference 18 Source: Prof. Mung Chiang, Princeton University
5 G Challenges Avalanche of Traffic Volume Further expansion of mobile broadband Massive growth in Connected Devices “Communicating machines” Use cases & Requirements Device-to-Device Communications Additional traffic due to communicating machines “ 1000 x in ten years” Large diversity of Car-to-Car Comm. “ 50 billion devices in 2020” New requirements and characteristics due to communicating machines
METIS Technical Objectives 1000 x data volume 1000 x higher mobile data volumes 50/500 B devices 10 -100 x Up to 10 Gbps 10 -100 x higher number of typical end-user connected devices data rates https: //www. metis 2020. com/ Few ms E 2 E 10 years 5 x 10 x lower latency longer battery life for low-power devices
Wireless Communication Standardization Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) GSM Association (GSMA) Standards for M 2 M and the Internet of Things (one. M 2 M) Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC) Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGMN) 5 G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5 G PPP) 21
3 GPP The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners. The initial scope of 3 GPP was to make a globally applicable third -generation (3 G) mobile phone system specification based on evolved Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications within the scope of the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The scope was later extended to include the development and maintenance of: GSM and related "2 G" and "2. 5 G" standards including GPRS and EDGE UMTS and related "3 G" standards including HSPA LTE and related "4 G" standards An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access independent manner 3 GPP standardization encompasses Radio, Core Network and Service architecture. 22
5 G Standardization 5 G White Paper by NGMN Alliance v. 1. 0 released on 17 -February-2015 Endorsed by the NGMN Board Members 5 G Vision Requirements Technology and Architecture Spectrum Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Way Forward “ 5 G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by sustainable business models. ” Next Generation Mobile Networks 23
5 G Promises… 5 G (5 th Generation mobile networks or 5 th Generation wireless systems) denote the next major phase of telecommunications standards aiming to provide: Data rates of several tens of megabits per second for tens of thousands of users 1 Gigabit per second to be offered simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office floor Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to be supported for massive sensor deployments Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4 G Coverage should be improved Signaling efficiency should be enhanced Latency should be reduced significantly compared to LTE 24 ☛ http: //www. gsma. com/futurenetworks/technology/understanding-5 g/
5 G Requirements are based on the operator vision of 5 G in 2020 as well as beyond 2020. • As such, not all the requirements will need to be satisfied in 2020. • 25
User Requirements User Experience KPI’s Guaranteed user data rate Capable of human oriented terminals ≥ 50 Mb/s ≥ 20 billion Capable of Io. T terminals ≥ 1 trillion Mobility support at speed Aggregate service reliability ≥ 99. 999% Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation ≤ 1 meter 26
Use category Traffic Density 200 -2500 /km 2 DL: 750 Gbps / km 2 UL: 125 Gbps / km 2 Indoor ultra-high broadband access 75, 000 / km 2 (75/1000 m 2 office) DL: 15 Tbps/ km 2 (15 Gbps / 1000 m 2) UL: 2 Tbps / km 2 (2 Gbps / 1000 m 2) Broadband access in a crowd 150, 000 / km 2 (30. 000 / stadium) DL: 3. 75 Tbps / km 2 (DL: 0. 75 Tbps / stadium) UL: 7. 5 Tbps / km 2 (1. 5 Tbps / stadium) 50+ Mbps everywhere 400 / km 2 in suburban DL: 20 Gbps / km 2 in suburban UL: 10 Gbps / km 2 in suburban DL: 5 Gbps / km 2 in rural UL: 2. 5 Gbps / km 2 in rural System Requirements Connection Density Broadband access in dense areas System Performance KPIs 100 / km 2 in rural Ultra-low cost broadband access for low ARPU areas 16 / km 2 16 Mbps / km 2 Mobile broadband in vehicles (cars, trains) 2000 / km 2 DL: 100 Gbps / km 2 (500 active users per train x 4 trains, (25 Gbps per train, 50 Mbps per car) or 1 active user per car x 2000 cars) UL: 50 Gbps / km 2 (12. 5 Gbps per train, 25 Mbps per car) Airplanes connectivity 80 per plane 60 airplanes per 18, 000 km 2 DL: 1. 2 Gbps / plane UL: 600 Mbps / plane Massive low-cost/long-range/low-power MTC Up to 200, 000 / km 2 Non critical Broadband MTC See the requirements for the Broadband access in dense areas and 50+Mbps everywhere categories Ultra-low latency Resilience and traffic surge Ultra-high reliability & Ultra-low latency* (*) the reliability requirement for this category is described in Section 4. 4. 5 Not critical 10, 000 / km 2 Not critical Potentially high Ultra-high availability & reliability* (*) the reliability requirement for this category is described in Section 4. 4. 5 Not critical Potentially high Broadcast like services Not relevant 27
Device Requirements Smart devices in the 5 G era will grow in capability and complexity as both the hardware and software, and particularly the operating system will continue to evolve. They may also in some cases become active relays to other devices, or support network controlled device-todevice communication. Greater Operator Controlled Capabilities on Devices Multi-Band-Multi-Mode Support in Devices (with global roaming capability) Device Power Efficiency (3 days for a smartphone, and up to 15 years for MTC) Greater Resource and Signaling Efficiency 28
Enhanced Services Connectivity Transparency (consistent experience in heterogeneous environments) The connectivity transparency refers to the following requirements: The user application should be always connected to the Radio Access Technology (RAT) or combination of RATs and/or access point (or other user equipment in case of D 2 D) or combination of access points providing the best user experience without any user intervention (context-awareness) From the network perspective, the network shall be able to control the access points (or other user equipment in case of D 2 D) and RATs, based on operator preferences and user’s subscription In addition, 5 G should provide new and more efficient connection management functionalities. 29
Enhanced Services: Location Contextual information is important for delivering instant and personalized services. Location is one of the most important contextual attributes. In 5 G, network based positioning in three-dimensional space should be supported, with accuracy from 10 m to <1 m at 80% of occasions, and better (<1 m) for indoor deployments. Tracking of high speed devices will be required to provide this location accuracy in a real-time. 5 G network based localization should be able to cooperate with other/external techniques (e. g. with capability to pull data from partner sources) to further improve accuracy. The overall cost of network-assisted localization should be comparable to or lower than the current external means (e. g. satellite systems) or 4 G solutions to acquire the location information. On top of the accuracy requirement, the 5 G system should enable the exposure of location information by the definition of an API that can be used for the development of location based services. 30
Enhanced Services: Security has been one of the fundamental capabilities operators provide to their customers 5 G will support a wide range of applications and environments, from human-based to machine-based communication, and thus it should be able to deal with a huge amount of sensitive data that needs to be protected against unauthorized access, use, disruption, modification, inspection, attack, etc. Moreover, since 5 G should be capable to offer services for critical sectors such as Public Safety, e. Health, and utilities, the importance of providing a comprehensive set of features guaranteeing a high level of security beyond what is available in today’s mobile systems. Subscriber Authentication User Privacy Network Security 31
Enhanced Services: Resilience and High Availability Resilience and high availability will be essential to ensure minimal service is available to critical infrastructures or service providers in case of disaster. Also, 5 G networks will increasingly be used as the primary means for emergency communication and Public Safety for day to day operations. 5 G should enable 99. 999% network availability, including robustness against climatic events and guaranteed services at low energy consumption for critical infrastructures (e. g. , hospitals, network management). Availability % Downtime per year Downtime per month Downtime per week Downtime per day Target Network 99. 99% ("four nines") 52. 56 minutes 4. 38 minutes 1. 01 minutes 8. 66 seconds 4 G LTE 99. 999% ("five nines") 5. 26 minutes 25. 9 seconds 6. 05 seconds 864. 3 milliseconds 5 G 99. 9999% ("six nines") 31. 5 seconds 2. 59 seconds 604. 8 milliseconds 86. 4 milliseconds 5 G+ Resilience, i. e. the capability of the network to recover from failures, will be an important feature to maintain high availability rates. In particular, remote (self-)healing of equipment should be possible. 32
Enhanced Services: Reliability It is the amount of sent packets successfully delivered to the destination within the time constraint required by the targeted service, divided by the total number of sent packets. Note that the reliability rate is evaluated only when the network is available. The reliability rate depends on the service and use case. The 5 G technology should allow high reliability rates of 99. 999%, or higher for the use cases that demand it, in particular those under the ultra-high reliability and ultralow latency use cases category. For use cases for which reliability may be less an issue, e. g. some non-delay critical MTC use cases, the reliability rate may be 99% or even lower depending on the associated trade-off needs. 33
Business Model It is an essential requirement that 5 G provides a futureproof technology platform allowing the evolution of existing business models in both retail and wholesale offerings. Furthermore, it should open up opportunities to create completely new business models without having an impact on network architecture. Using 5 G networks, third party service providers should be able to offer their services in a very short time-to-market manner and based on mutual service level agreements, where the network will be delivering data using agreed network functions, capabilities and attributes. 5 G should be designed from the beginning such that the network operator is able to create a large variety of relationships between its network infrastructure and the customer/service provider. 34
Management & Operations Simplify operations and management – Expanded network capabilities and flexible function allocation should not imply increased complexity on operations and management. Procedures should be automated as far as possible, with well-defined open interfaces to mitigate multi-vendor interworking problems as well as interoperability (roaming) issues. Use of dedicated monitoring tools should be avoided and network functions (software) should be embedded with monitoring capabilities. Big data analysis should drive network management from reactive to a predictive and proactive mode of operation. Carrier-grade network cloud orchestration is needed to ensure network availability and reliability. 35
Internet of Things – From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment http: //www. internet-of-thingsresearch. eu/pdf/Io. TFrom%20 Research%20 and%20 Innovation%20 to%2 0 Market%20 Deployment_IERC_Cluster_e. Book_9 78 -87 -93102 -95 -8_P. pdf 36
Internet of Things – Connected Devices across industries 37
References Next Generation Mobile Networks http: //www. ni. com/pdf/company/en/Trend_Watch_5 G. pdf How 5 G will Power the Future Internet of Things - i. Q by Intel http: //iq. intel. com/how-5 g-will-power-the-future-internet-of-things/ https: //community. broadcom. com/community/wiced-wifi 5 G and Internet of Things (NOKIA) http: //networks. nokia. com/be/portfolio/latest-launches/5 g-and-internet-of-things 5 G Technology Elements for Future Internet of Things (Intel) http: //www. broadcom. com/application/internet_of_things. php Broadcom WICED Forum http: //www. broadcom. com/blog/wireless-technology/video-demo-5 g-wifi -enables-real-time-sports-location-tracking/ Internet of Things at Broadcom http: //www. crew-project. eu/ 5 G: The Internet for Everyone and Everything (NI) http: //www. evarilos. eu/index. php CREW EU Project Broadcom Real-time Sports Location Tracking Demo https: //www. metis 2020. com EVARILOS EU Project https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/High_availability The METIS 2020 Project – Laying the foundation of 5 G http: //www. ngmn. org/fileadmin/ngmn/content/images/news/ng mn_news/NGMN_5 G_White_Paper_V 1_0. pdf High Availability on Wikipedia http: //www. iots-workshop. com/slides/GC_2014_Io. TS_Workshop_Wu. pdf Io. Tivity Open Source Io. T Framework https: //www. iotivity. org GSM Association Mobile Internet of Things http: //www. gsma. com/iot/connected-living-mobilising-the-internet-of-things 38
Q&A
Assignment#6 Q 1. Describe the keywords highighted in RED on slides 3, 5, 6, 17 and 22. Group Project • From Slide 37 select an industry/service sector and identify hardware/sensors required to fulfill the application requirements Each group will give 15 min presentation each on their topic in next class
- Slides: 40