Mobile Commerce and Pervasive Computing Mobile Computing Mobile

行動商務與無所不在的運算 (Mobile Commerce and Pervasive Computing)

Mobile Computing § Mobile commerce (m-commerce, mbusiness) l l l Any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network Connect a mobile device to a computing network or to another computing device, anytime, anywhere Offer a computing environment suitable for workers who travel outside the boundaries of their workspace or for anyone on the move 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 1

The Mobile Commerce Landscape 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 2

Mobile Computing § However, the small screen size and limited bandwidth of most computing devices have limited consumer interest § Instead, it is intrabusiness applications that are receiving most of the attention and that offer the best short-range benefits for business 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 3

Mobile Computing Devices (1) § Make computers small enough l l l Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Blackberry: A handheld device principally used for e-mail OQO: full-featured Windows XP computer that fits in your pocket Ogo: instant messenger, e-mail, text messaging § Replace wires with wireless communication 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 4

Mobile Computing Devices (2) § Synchronization l The exchange of updated information with other computing devices § Docking stations l l l Recharge their batteries Connect to attachable keyboards or larger display screen Provide for fast Synchronization § Attachable keyboards and/or desktop display screen 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 5

The Wireless Mobile Environment 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 7

Challenges for Mobile Computing Software § There a number of competing standards for application development on various devices § Software applications have to adapt to match the requirements of the device l l Small display screens Reduced bandwidth Limited input capabilities Restricted memory 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 8

Mobile Computing Software (1) § Mobile operating system l e. g. , Palm OS, Windows CE, EPOC § Mobile application user interface l l Touch screen Mini-joystick Jog dial Thumb wheel § Microbrowser l Wireless Web browser designed to operate with small screens, limited bandwidth and minimal memory requirements 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 9

Mobile Computing Software (2) § Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) l A suite of network protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to access WAP-readable files on an Internet-connected Web server § Wireless Markup Language (WML) l A scripting language used to create content in the WAP environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 10

Mobile Computing Software (3) § Compact Hypertext Markup Language (c. HTML) l A scripting language used to create content in i -mode § Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (x. HTML) l A general scripting language; compatible with HTML; set by W 3 Consortium § Voice XML (VXML) l An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 11

WAP Architecture 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 12

Mobile Computing Services (1) § Short Message Service (SMS) l A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones § Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) l An extension of SMS that can send simple animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted text § Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) l The next generation of wireless messaging; MMS will be able to deliver rich media 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 13

Mobile Computing Services (2) § Micropayments l Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10), e. g. text messaging, graphic-ring download § Global positioning system (GPS) l l A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth It can support location-based services 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 14

Mobile Computing Services (3) § The most natural mode of human communication is voice. Advantages are: l l Hands- and eyes-free operation Better operation in dirty or moving environments Fast input Ease-of-use for disabled people § Increased use of voice-support service exploits the built-in audio capabilities of many mobile devices and reduce the device’s dependence on less-than-satisfactory input solutions 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 15

Mobile Computing Services (4) § Interactive voice response (IVR) l A computer voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone § Voice portal l A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call § Mobile services is a rapidly developing area as increased bandwidth (e. g. 3 G) becomes widespread, and as mobile commerce becomes more commonplace 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 16

Wireless Telecommunications Networks § § Personal Area Networks Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Wide Area Networks 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 17

Personal Area Networks (PAN) § A wireless telecommunications network for device-to-device connections within a small range, typically a single room § Bluetooth l l l A set of telecommunications standards (IEEE 802. 15) that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances of up to 10 meters Use low-power radio technology in the 2. 4 GHz Up to 7 connections can be made 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 18

Limitations of Bluetooth § The communication range is very short § The communication is very directional, objects located in between can interrupt the connection § 2. 4 GHz is a commonly used radio range, interference can arise from other sources § Security can be a problem, especially, if the default low-level setting is used § Infrequent users sometimes have difficulty finding the right profile and doing the necessary set-up procedures to make the initial paring 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 19

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) § A telecommunications network that enables users to make medium-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network § Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) l The common name used to describe the IEEE 802. 11 standard used on most WLANs 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 20

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) § 802. 11 b l l l The most popular Wi-Fi standard It is inexpensive and offers sufficient speed (11 Mbps) for range up to 100 meters for indoor use and up to 275 meters for open space and outdoor use However, interference can be a problem § 802. 11 a l This Wi-Fi standard is faster (54 Mbps) than 802. 11 b but has a smaller range (maximum of 25 meters) § 802. 11 g l This fast (54 Mbps) and strong signal range like 802. 11 b but expensive Wi-Fi standard is mostly used in businesses 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 21

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) § Wireless access point l An antenna that connects a mobile device to a wired LAN § Hotspot l An area or point, located in airports, hotels, restaurants, and conference centers, where a wireless laptop or PDA can make a connection to a wireless local area network 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 22

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) § One obvious limitation of WLAN is the word local. A man traveling around a city will always have to search for another hotspot to make an Internet connection § Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) l A telecommunications network that enables users to make long-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 24

Wi. Max § A wireless standard (IEEE 802. 16) for making broadband network connections over a large area of up to 50 kilometers § Use a radio-based, ultrawide bandwidth, offering normal data transfer speeds of 70 Mbps and peaks of up to 268 Mbps § Wimax’s biggest impact may not be in cities with crowded airwaves, a Wimax service would have to use a costly spectrum. Competition from mobile telephone carriers and Wi-Fi also may tend to blunt its impact § Wimax seems ideal for the delivery of high broadband speeds to rural area without a mature communications infrastructure 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 25

Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) § A telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage over a large geographical area, typically over a cellular phone network § Subscriber identification module (SIM) card l An extractable storage card used for identification, customer location information, transaction processing, secure communications, and the like 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 26

Cellular Telephone Network 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 27

WWAN Communication Bandwidths § When a device is turned on, a SIM card inside the device identifies itself to the network § As the mobile phone user changes physical location, the mobility management protocol in the mobile switching station directs each base station controller to make the handoff from one transceiver to the next § The size of a cell is determined by the number of objects that may interfere with the signal and the traffic volume. A cell in a dense urban area is likely to be few hundred feet wide, whereas in rural area may be over 6 miles in size 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 28

WWAN Communication Bandwidths § 1 G. The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based, exclusively for voice § 2 G. The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates voice and text § 2. 5 G. An interim wireless technology that can accommodate voice, text, and, limited graphics § 3 G. The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video § 4 G. The expected next generation of wireless technology that will provide faster display of multimedia 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 29

Comparison of 2 G and 3 G 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 30

Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) § WWAN Communication Protocols l l l Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): 1 G Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): 2 G Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): 3 G § WWAN Network Systems l l l Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): most popular standard, use in over 170 countries and with 72% of the world’s market Personal Digital Cellular (PDC): in Japan IS-95 and IS-136: in U. S. 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 31

Value-added Attributes of Mobile Commerce § Ubiquity l Available at any location at any time § Convenience l Increasing in functionality and usability while remaining the same size or becoming smaller § Interactivity l Customer support and delivery of services are immediate and highly interactive in MC environment § Personalization l l Delivery of information, products, and services designed to meet the needs of individuals consumers Mobile devices are truly personal computing devices § Localization l Knowing where a user is physically located at any particular moment is key to offering relevant services 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 32

Drivers of M-Commerce § Widespread availability of more powerful devices § The handset culture § The service-based economy § Vendor’s push § The mobile workforce § Increased mobility § Improved price/performance § Improvement of bandwidth 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 33

Mobile Financial Applications § Mobile Banking l l Mobile access to financial and account information Financial-alert applications § Wireless Electronic Payment Systems l l Purchasing tool for food, beverages, tickets, parking garages, public transportation, … The success of micro-payment applications depends on the cost of transactions and the willingness of the mobile service provider to accept the risk of potential nonpayments by customers 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 34

Mobile Financial Applications § E-wallet l A piece of software that stores an online shopper’s credit card numbers and other personal information so that the shopper does not have to reenter that information for every online purchase § M-wallet (mobile wallet) l Technologies that enable cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their wireless device § Wireless Bill Payments l A number of companies now provide the option of paying bills directly from a cell phone 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 35

Mobile Shopping § An increasing number of online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices § Enables customers to use cell phones or wireless PDAs to: l l l Perform quick searches Compare prices Use a shopping cart Order View the status of their order 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 36

Targeted Advertising § Marketers send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices § Location-sensitive advertising (using GPS) informs buyers about shops, malls, and restaurants close to where the mobile device owner is located § Currently short message service (SMS) is the principal technology used to deliver advertising to cell phone 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 37

Content Provision § Mobile portal l A customer interaction channel that aggregates content and services for mobile users § i-mode: the best well-known mobile portal l l l l News Sports Entertainment and travel information Restaurants and event information Leisure-related services (games, TV and movie listing) E-mail Community services Stock trading; … 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 38

Mobile Intrabusiness Applications (1) § Support of Mobile Employees l Sales force mobilization The process of equipping sales force employees with wireless computing devices • Increase employee productivity • Improve customer service levels • Increase employee morale and job satisfaction 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 39

Mobile Intrabusiness Applications (2) l Job Dispatch • mobile devices are becoming an integral part of the groupware and workflow applications • Mobile computing can assist in assigning jobs to mobile employees and provide workers with detailed information about the task • A dispatching application for wireless devices allows improved response with reduced resources, real-time tracking of work orders, increased dispatcher efficiency, and a reduction in administrative work 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 40

Mobile Intrabusiness Applications (3) l Wearable devices • Mobile wireless computing devices for employees who work on buildings, electrical poles, and other climbable workplaces • Workers wear these devices on their arms, clothes, helmets or other parts of their bodies – Screen – Camera – Keyboard – Touch-panel display – Speech translator 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 41

Mobile Intrabusiness Applications (4) § Customer Support Mobile access extends the reach of CRM to both employees and business partners on a 24/7 basis, to any place where recipients are located l Sales force mobilization l Field services 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 42

B 2 B M-Commerce and Supply Chain Management § Use of wireless communication to share information along the supply chain and to collaborate with partners § By integrating the mobile computing device into supply chain communications, it is possible to: l l Make mobile reservations of goods Remotely check availability of a particular item in the warehouse Order a customized product from the manufacturing department Provide secure access to confidential financial data from a management information system 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 43

Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications § Mobile Games § Wireless Telemedicine l l Digital images and data transfer from one location to another Video-conferencing used for real-time consultation § Other Mobile Computing Services for Consumers l Providing news, weather, sports report, language translator, information about tourist attractions, … § Non-Internet Mobile Applications for Consumers l Mainly used in transportation industry, such as smart cards used to pay transportation fees and road tolls 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 44

Location-Based Mobile Commerce § Delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals in a specific location, at a specific time § The services provided through location-based m-commerce focus on five key areas: l Location: determine the basic position of a person / thing Navigation: plot a route from one location to another l Tracking: monitor the movement of a person / thing l Mapping: create maps of specific geographical locations 45 l Timing: determine the precise time 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 at a specific location l

Location-Based Mobile Commerce § Global Positioning System (GPS) l A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth § Geographical information system (GIS) l An information system that integrates GPS data onto digitized map displays § An interesting application of GPS/GIS is now available from several car manufacturers and car rental companies 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 46

Location-Based Mobile Commerce § Emergency Response Cell Phone Calls l l Wireless 911 (e-911) In the United States, emergency response calls from cellular phones Automatic crash notification (ACN) Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 47

Location-Based Mobile Commerce § Telematics l l The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve information flow It uses the principles of telemetry, the science of measuring physical phenomena such as temperature, volume, or an on/off condition at a remote point and transmitting the value to a distant recorder or observer 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 48

Barriers to Location-Based Mobile Commerce § Accuracy of devices l Not as accurate as people expected § The cost-benefit justification l Benefits do not justify the cost required § Limited network bandwidth l Will be improved as 3 G spreads § Invasion of privacy l Have their whereabouts and movements tracked throughout the day 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 49

M-Commerce Security Issues § Malicious Code: Viruses § Transaction Security: l Confidentially, authentication, authorization, and integrity § Wireless Communication: l Transmit in open-air § Physical Security of Mobile Devices l Because of their small size, devices are easily lost or stolen and provide thief with valuable data § Ease of Use l Ease-of-use factors work against fulfillment of security goals; couple this with privacy and anonymity that personal computing devices provide, the opportunities for abuse rise dramatically 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 50

Technological Barriers to M-Commerce § Web sites are not designed for viewing by mobile devices and thus are unviewable or unfriendly to mobile devices § It is difficult or impossible to download large files because of the limited storage capacity and information access speed § Navigation systems have to be fast and designed for mobile devices § Text-based and black-and-white graphics make mobile shopping difficult § Limited battery life and transmission interference with home appliances 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 51

Technological Barriers to M-Commerce 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 52

Ethical, Legal, and Health Issues in M-Commerce § Isolation that mobile devices can impose on a workforce § Does company have the right to monitor voice communications on a company-owned cell phone § Need for cell phone etiquette § Potential health damage from cellular radio frequency emissions § Monitoring staff movements based on a GPSenabled devices § Maintaining an appropriate work-life balance when work can be conducted anywhere at anytime 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 53

Lessons learned from Project Failures in M-Commerce § Do not start without appropriate infrastructure § Do not start a full-scale implementation; use a small pilot for experimentation § Pick an appropriate architecture (e. g. , some users do not need to be persistently connected) § Talk with a range of users, some experienced and some not, about usability issues § Users must be involved; hold biweekly meetings if possible § Employ wireless experts § Wireless is a different medium from other forms of communication. Remember that people are not used to the wireless paradigm 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 54

Overview of Pervasive Computing § Mobile computing is usually represented by devices that users hold, carry, or wear § Pervasive (ubiquitous) computing Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 55

Principles of Pervasive Computing (1) § Decentralization l Computing devices in the future will not be computers, but tags, sensors, badges, and commonplace objects all cooperating together in a service-oriented infrastructure § Diversification l Computing device will evolve from a fully functional one-computer-does-all paradigm to one in which specialized, diversified devices will suit the requirements of an individual for a specific purpose 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 56

Principles of Pervasive Computing (2) § Connectivity l Open, common standards will be required to achieve this level of connectivity and interoperability § Simplicity l l l Intuitive interfaces Speech recognition One-handed operation Instant-on Always connected 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 57

Overview of Pervasive Computing § Location can be a significant differentiator when it comes to providing services; however, it is not enough to meet the user’s needs, we still need to know the information of relevant contextual attributes § Context awareness l It refers to capturing a board range of contextual attributes to better understand the consumer’s needs and to determine what products or services may be required to fulfill those needs § Contextual computing l The enhancement of a user’s interactions by understanding the user, the context, and the applications and information required 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 58

Pervasive Computing Initiatives § § § Radio frequency identification (RFID) Smart Homes Smart Appliances Smart Cars Smart Clothes Sensor networks 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 59

Radio frequency identification (RFID) § Technology that uses radio waves to identify items § Electronic product code (EPC) l An RFID code that identifies the manufacturer, producer, version, and serial number of individual consumer products § Universal product code (UPC) l The UPC is a 12 -digit number that is represented by bars and spaces of varying widths, readable by a bar code scanner 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 60

Advantages of RFID § RFID tag does not require line-of-sight contact to be read § RFID tags are not printed on paper, so they are less likely to be ripped, soiled, or lost § RFID tag identifies the item, not just manufacturer and product. EPC will provide the ability to track individual items l l Improving supply chain collaboration Eliminating human error from data collection Reducing inventories, loss, and waste Improving safety and security 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 61

Factors that Determine RFID Future § How many companies will mandate that business partners use RFID? l So far, only Wal-Mart and the U. S. Do. D have required such use § Privacy issues raised by the use of the tags § The cost of tags and the needed information systems to support RFID use is still high and is likely to remain so 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 62

Smart Homes § In a smart home, the home computer, television, light and heating controls, home security system, and many appliances within the home can “talk” to each other via Internet or a home intranet l Lighting: on/off/dim l Energy management: heat, ventilation, air condition l Water control: by moisture-detection sensors l Home security and communications: windows, doors, smoke detectors l Home entertainment: audio and video center 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 63

Smart Appliances § An Internet-ready appliance that can be controlled by a small handheld device or desktop computer via a home intranet or the Internet § A networked appliance potentially could provide the manufacturer, as well as the owner of the appliance, with information that could be used to monitor the appliance’s operation, performance, and usage § To date, however, consumers have shown little interest in smart appliances. As a result, manufacturers are focusing on improving people’s lives by eliminating repetitive, lowattention tasks § The biggest technical barriers is the fact that most homes lack a broadband connection to the Internet 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 64

Smart Cars § Automobile today contains at least 20 microprocessors that are invisible l l l Control entertainment system Decide when to shift gear Control inside temperature Remember seat position for different drivers Improve safety such as collision avoidance, computer vision for car, vehicle stability, and driver monitoring Provide emergency assistance, driving directions, email, and other services § Smart cars eventually will be able to drive themselves 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 65

Smart Clothes § Clothes with RFID § Smart jacket with MP 3 player and handsfree cell phone § Smart socks (conductive wire in wool socks to warm up cold toe) § Electrotextiles (antennas sewn into soldier’s vests for communication) § Body-sensing fabrics (cotton T-shirt that can monitor the wearer’s heart rate, body temperature, and other vital signs) 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 66

Sensor network § A series of interconnected sensors that monitor the environment in which they are placed and report collected information to a network § Sensor networks can: l Protect the environment l Public safety l Monitor business and agricultural areas 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 67

Barriers to Pervasive Computing § For pervasive systems to be widely deployed, it is necessary to overcome many of the technical, ethical, and legal barriers associated with mobile computing l Privacy is in great danger in a world of embedded internetworked devices 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 68

Managerial Issues (1) 1. What’s our timetable? l Only a small number of large-scale mcommerce applications have been deployed to date. This means that companies still have time to carefully craft an m-commerce strategy 2. Which applications first? l For the near term, applications that enhance the efficiency and effective of mobile workers are likely to have the highest payoff 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 69

Managerial Issues (2) 3. Is it real or just a buzzword? l In the short run, m-commerce and locationbased m-commerce may be just buzzwords due to the many limitations they now face. However, in the long run, both concepts will fly 4. Which system to use? l l Researching the vendors and products carefully is important. An unbiased consultant can be of great help Make sure an m-commerce strategy fits into the organization’s overall business strategy is most critical of all 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 70

Summary (I) 1. What is m-commerce? l M-commerce is any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network 2. Characteristics of mobile devices l Small screens, reduced memory, limited bandwidth, and restricted input capabilities 3. Wireless software development is difficult l l M-commerce applications requires the software adapt to the device rather than the other way around Lack of standards 4. M-commerce support services l Short message service, micropayments, voice, and location-based services 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 71

Summary (II) 5. Wireless telecommunications networks l l l Mobile computing devices connect to networks or other devices at personal, local, metropolitan, or wide -area level Bluetooth (personal) and cellular phone networks (wide area) are well known and well established in the marketplace Wi-Fi (local) is new but increasing popular; Wi. Max (metropolitan) is still being tested 6. Value-added attributes of m-commerce l Ubiquity, convenience, interactivity, personalization, and localization 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 72

Summary (III) 7. Drivers of m-commerce l Large numbers of users of mobile devices; a developing cell phone culture among youth; demands from service-oriented customers; vendor marketing; declining prices; a mobile workforce; improving performance for the price; and increase bandwidth 8. Finance, advertising, and content-providing applications l l Location-based advertising and advertising via SMSs is expected to increase Mobile portals aggregate and provide content and services for mobile users 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 73

Summary (IV) 9. Intrabusiness applications l Sales force mobilization, inventory management, and wireless job dispatch offer the best opportunities for high return on investment for most organizations 10. B 2 B and SCM applications l B 2 B applications integrated with SCM are facilitating cooperation between business partners 11. Consumer applications l Travel, gamming, information services, and health care 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 74

Summary (V) 12. Location-based commerce. l The delivery of services using the location of the device, as determined by GPS, is emerging in advertising, emergency response, and transport industries 13. Limitations of m-commerce. l l l The need to secure transmission over open air and through multiple connected networks The biggest technological changes relate to the usability of the devices Ethical, legal, and health issues can arise from the use of m-commerce, especially in the workplace 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 75

Summary (VI) 14. Pervasive computing l l This is the world of invisible computing in which virtually every object has an embedded microprocessor that is connected in a wired or wireless fashion to the Internet Smart homes, smart appliances, smart cars, and other applications of pervasive computing will provide a number of life-enhancing, consumercentric, and B 2 B applications 淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 76