Mobile and Pervasive Computing 6 Past Present and

Mobile and Pervasive Computing - 6 Past, Present and Future Researches of Ubiquitous Computing Presented by: Dr. Adeel Akram University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan http: //web. uettaxila. edu. pk/CMS/AUT 2015/te. MPCms

Computing with natural interfaces Ubicomp inspires “off-the-desktop” applications Needs “off-the-desktop” means of interaction Speech, gestures, writing More accessible Easier 2 to use? ? ?

Computing with natural interfaces Error prone interaction Permit new and numerous mistakes People do not have perfect recognition As low as 54%; cursive handwriting 88%; printed handwriting 96. 8% Recognition accuracy == user satisfaction? ? Not really: complexity of error recovery dialogues and value-added benefit of any given efforts Entering a command vs. writing journal entries Several research areas Error reduction (about 5 -10%) 3 Error detection Reusable toolkit for error handling

Context aware computing Current Systems Generally using position and identification of objects Still do not provide a complete context Definition of context is limited Research Context areas toolkits Toolkit for sensing environment Explicit use of sensed information is up to program What 4 is context? How is context represented?

What is context? Who Currently generally tailored to one user How important are others in determining our behavior How could this be captured? What Attempt to figure out what is currently happening Sense environment, use calendar software etc. Where Location based information, e. g. , GPS Most explored context information When Easily obtained information -- Computer is good at remembering time Although determining when one event stops and another begins is not easy 5 Why Even harder than the “what” question, biometric sensors might help (e. g. , body temperature, heart rate, etc)

Toward context aware computing Context representation Requires universal context schemes or toolkits with standard context representations Context sensing and fusion How to make context-aware computing “ubiquitous”? In practice, there are few truly ubiquitous, single-source context services E. g. , GPS does not work indoors; different indoor localization schemes have different characteristics (e. g. , cost, range) Like 6 sensor fusion, context fusion handles seamless handling of sensing responsibility between boundaries of different context services Combining multiple context sources can increase the accuracy of context information

Automated capture and access Recording information and data as it occurs Computers are inherently good at recording, people are not People freed up to summarize and understand Most work in academic/ classroom settings Challenges in “capture and access” 7 Time stamping lectures, digital whiteboards Sometime we don’t know we want to capture something until after its already happened How could the computer know that? If it captures everything then we need a system of sorting and filtering (access) Access is a problem because capturing of raw data can be burdensome for sifting through; systems need to recognize important events facilitate access

Everyday computing Continuous interactions (i. e. , no clear beginning or end) Both fundamental activities like communication and longterm endeavors do not have predefined starts and ends; information from past can be recycled Very different traditional HCI design which assumes “closure” with clear goals like spell checking, dialogue, etc. Interruption is expected: People are constantly interrupted Computer systems must recognize interruption and change state Also computers must appropriately inform users 8 Multiple activities operate concurrently: People multitask and rapidly switch task based on external unpredictable environment Systems need to adapt to this opportunistic behavior and change accordingly

Toward everyday computing Develop continuously present interface No current model of continuously present interfaces, even people are not continuously present Create an interface that doesn’t get annoying (e. g. , wearable devices) Determine what information should require my attention and what should be display peripherally Connect events in the physical and virtual worlds (e. g. , face to face vs. email, document, webs) Modify/fuse existing HCI schemes to efficiently support everyday computing (but evaluation is challenging and laborious) 9

System evaluation challenges 10 Hard to evaluate Ubicomp Systems Little publish on ubicomp evaluation Systems often required to be fully connected leading to systems that are hard to build Lack of development toolkits make system creation difficult Systems often need to be integrated into peoples lives which using big clunky prototypes does not lead itself well too Task/Goal centric approaches don’t work in ubicomp

Example Projects 11 Pervasive computing projects have emerged at major universities and in industry: Project Aura (Carnegie Mellon University) Oxygen (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Portalano (University of Washington) Endeavour (University of California at Berkeley) Place Lab (Intel Research Laboratory at Seattle) For illustration let us look at Project Aura

Example Projects : Project Aura (1) Aura (Carnegie Mellon University) 12 Distraction-free (Invisible) Ubiquitous Computing.

Example Projects : Project Aura (2) 13 Moore’s Law Reigns Supreme Processor density Processor speed Memory capacity Disk capacity Memory cost . . . Glaring Exception Human Attention Adam & Eve 2000 AD

Example Projects : Project Aura (3) Aura Thesis: 14 The most precious resource in computing is human attention. Aura Goals: Reduce user distraction. Trade-off plentiful resources of Moore’s law for human attention. Achieve this scalably for mobile users in a failure-prone, variable-resource environment.

Example Projects : Project Aura (4) The Airport Scenario Jane wants to send e-mail from the airport before her flight leaves. She has several large enclosures She is using a wireless interface She has many options. Simply send the e-mail Is there enough bandwidth? Compress the data first Will that help enough? Pay extra to get reserved bandwidth Are reservations available? Send the “diff” relative to older file Are the old versions around? Walk to a gate with more bandwidth Where is there enough bandwidth? How do we choose automatically? 15

Example Projects : Project Aura (5) The Mobile Task Scenario Aura saves Scott’s task. Scott enters office and gets strong authentication and secure access. Aura restores Scott’s task on desktop machine and uses a large display. Scott controls application by voice. Bradley enters room. Bradley gets weak authentication, Scott’s access changes to insecure. Aura denies voice access to sensitive email application. Scott has multi-modal control of Power. Point application. Aura logs Scott out when he leaves the room. 16

Other Scenarios of Ubiquitous Computing 17 Buy drinks by Friday (1) Take out the last can of soda Swipe the can’s UPC label, which adds soda to your shopping list Make a note that you need soda for the guests you are having over this weekend

Other Scenarios 18 Buy drinks by Friday (2) Approach a local supermarket Auto. PC informs you that you are near a supermarket Opportunistic reminder: “If it is convenient, stop by to buy drinks. ”

Other Scenarios 19 Buy drinks by Friday (3) - Friday rolls around and you have not bought drinks - Deadline-based reminder sent to your pager

Other Scenarios Screen Fridge Provides: Email Video messages Web surfing Food management TV Radio Virtual keyboard Digital cook book Surveillance 20 camera

Other Scenarios 21 The Active Badge This harbinger of inch-scale computers contains a small microprocessor and an infrared transmitter. The badge broadcasts the identity of its wearer and so can trigger automatic doors, automatic telephone forwarding and computer displays customized to each person reading them. The active badge and other networked tiny computers are called tabs.

Other Scenarios 22 The Active Badge

Other Scenarios 23 Edible computers: The pill-cam Miniature camera Diagnostic device It is swallowed Try this with an ENIAC computer!

Other Scenarios 24 Artificial Retina Direct interface with nervous system Whole new computational paradigm (who’s the computer? )

Other Scenarios Smart Dust Nano computers that couple: Sensors Computing Communication 25 Grids of motes (“nano computers”)

Questions? ? ?

Assignment#3 Write a detailed note on Project Aura highlighting each area of the project as described on the following page: http: //www. cs. cmu. edu/~aura/research-thrusts. html