MNA Mosbys Long Term Care Assistant Chapter 15

MNA Mosby’s Long Term Care Assistant Chapter 15 Preventing Infection

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Microorganisms Microbes Small living plant or animal that can only be seen with a microscope. Pathogen – harmful microorganisms

Types of Microbes 5 Types: Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Rickettsiae Viruses

Types of Microbes Bacteria multiply rapidly Examples: E-coli. Pneumonia, TB, cholera Germs One celled Cause infection in any body system

Types of Microbes Fungi Examples: Athlete’s foot, ringworm, Plants that live on other plants or animals yeast infection Mushrooms, yeasts, molds Infect the mouth, vagina, skin, feet other body areas

Types of Microbes Protozoa Microscopic One celled Infect the blood, brain, intestines and other body areas Examples: dysentery, malaria, and African sleeping sickness.

Types of Microbes Rickettsiae Microscopic forms of life found in fleas, ticks, lice Transmitted to humans by insect bite Examples: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Types of Microbes Viruses Very small microscopic organisms that grow in living cells Examples: common cold, herpes, flu, AIDS, hepatitis

Requirements for Microbes Require a Reservoir The reservoir is the environment where the microbe grows Humans, plants, animals, water, soil, food. Most like Warm Dark Moist

Normal Flora Microbes that live and grow in a certain area. Intestines, respiratory tract, skin. Non-pathogen when in or on a natural reservoir. Example: E-coli

Infection Disease state resulting from invasion of microbes Local – in a general area Systemic – throughout the body

Chain of Infection Source Reservoir Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host Portal of entry Portal of exit

Chain of Infection

Chain of Infection Source - pathogen Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus Rabies

Chain of Infection Reservoir – human and animals

Chain of Infection Portal of Exit – Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks in the skin Blood

Chain of Infection Mode of Transmission – Coughing Sneezing Air Food Water Eating and drinking utensils Personal care items Direct contact Dressings Insects animals

Chain of Infection Portal of Entry – Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks in the skin Blood

Chain of Infection Susceptible Host A person at risk for infection

Signs & Symptoms of Infection Fever ↑ Pulse and respiratory rate Pain or tenderness Fatigue Loss of appetite N/V Diarrhea Rash Sores on mucous membranes Redness of swelling Discharge or drainage

Nosocomial Infection or HAI An infection acquired after admission to a health care facility Also called a HAI Healthcare. Associated Infection

Nosocomial Infection or HAI Common sites are: Urinary system Prevented by: Universal precautions Respiratory system Medical Asepsis Wounds Surgical Asepsis Bloodstream Isolation Precautions Blood Borne Pathogen Standards

Medical Asepsis – being free of pathogens Medical asepsis – practices used to remove or destroy pathogens prevent the spread of pathogens

Common Aseptic Practices HAND WASHING!!! Individual personal care items Cover your nose or mouth when coughing or sneezing Bath, brush teeth regularly Wash fruits and raw vegetables Wash cooking and eating utensils with soap and hot water

MOST IMPORTANT Aseptic Practice? HAND WASHING! • When washing your hands, your hands and forearms are kept lower than your elbows • Hands are washed for at least 15 seconds • When drying your hands, start at the fingertips and work up to your forearms

Other aseptic terms Sterilization absence of ALL microorganisms. (autoclave)

Other aseptic terms Disinfection - destroying pathogens Clean - absences of pathogens Contamination – pathogens present Germicides are disinfectants

Standard Precautions Reduce the risk of spreading pathogens Used in the care of all residents

Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment Gown, gloves, masks, goggles

Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment Use any time there is a possibility of coming in contact with: Blood Body fluids Non-intact skin Mucous membranes

Standard Precautions Sharps Never recap needles Use bio-hazardous containers when indicated

Standard Precautions Donning and doffing PPE SKILL

Standard Precautions Double bagging Leak proof plastic bags Bio-hazardous symbol Specimens

Isolation Types of isolation: Airborne – small droplets Strict – airborne and contact Droplet – larger droplets Contact – direct or indirect

Isolation Types of isolation are based on how the disease/infectious organism is spread from person to person. Read the isolation signs on the outside of the patient’s door or above the head of the patient’s bed. The signs will tell you what personal protective equipment to put on before entering the room or before initiating any patient care task.

Isolation Meeting the resident’s basic needs while in isolation • Smile! • Treat resident with respect • Provide reading, entertainment material • Organize your work so you can stay and visit a little • Say hello from the doorway often

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Exposure Control Plan Training provided Free Immunization for HBV PPE provided

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Exposure Control Plan Engineering and Work Practice Controls Bio-hazardous containers provided Do not store food or drink where blood or body fluids are stored Clean Spills with 1: 10 solution of Clorox and water

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Hepatitis B (HBV) Blood or blood products, sexual contact, peri-natal Prevention vaccine 3 injections Given before or after exposure Caused by a virus

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Caused by a virus Blood or blood products, sexual contact, perinatal NO Prevention vaccine AID S