MK ILMU GIZI 2 VITAMIN VITA AMIN VITAMIN

MK. ILMU GIZI (2) VITAMIN = ”VITA” + ”AMIN”

VITAMIN : Suatu kelompok senyawa organik (terdapat dlm jml kecil dlm bahan makanan) tapi sangat penting peranannya bagi beberapa fungsi tubuh, untuk : • proses metabolisme • pertumbuhan yg normal SENYAWA ORGANIK ESENSIAL • tidak dpt dibuat oleh tubuh dlm jml kecil • diperoleh dari makanan yang dikonsumsi (kecuali Vitamin D)

• Tubuh yg kekurangan vitamin (defisiensi) : AVITAMINOSIS dg gejala macam 2 penyakit • Tubuh yg kelebihan vitamin : HIPERVITAMINOSIS : akibatnya gangguan kesehatan/dikeluarkan dari tubuh VITAMIN : • LARUT DALAM AIR : VITAMIN B & C • LARUT DALAM LEMAK (MINYAK) : VITAMIN A, D, E, K, Terdiri dari kumpulan vitamin yg mempunyai fungsi dan sifat yg berbeda/khusus

Vitamin B 1, also called thiamin is a watersoluble vitamin that is essential for the breakdown of carbohydrates into the simple sugar glucose. Thiamin is also important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. n Thiamin is found in whole-grain cereals, bread, red meat, egg yolks, green leafy vegetables, legumes, sweet corn, brown rice, berries, and yeast. n Thiamin is absorbed through the intestines.

n n Deficiency of Vitamin B 1 Thiamin deficiency is rare. However, thiamin deficiency often occurs in alcoholics. It occurs in alcoholics because alcohol interferes with the absorption of thiamin through the intestines. Thiamin deficiency can cause beri, wernicke's encephelopathy, and sensitivity of the teeth, cheeks and gums. Too Much Vitamin B 1 Large doses (5, 000 to 10, 000 mg) can cause headaches, irritability, rapid pulse, and weakness

Vitamin B 2, also called riboflavin is a watersoluble vitamin that is important in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is also important in the maintenance of the skin and mucous membranes, the cornea of the eye and for nerve sheaths. n Riboflavin is found in whole-grain products, milk, meat, eggs, cheese and peas. Deficiency of Vitamin B 2 A deficiency of riboflavin cause skin disorders, anemia, light-sensitive eyes, and inflammation of the soft tissue lining around the mouth and nose (Cheilosis). n

Deficiencies of Vitamin B 2 n Cheilosis – cracking at the corners of the mouth and inflammation of the muscous membranes in the mouth n Glossitis – swollen and reddened tongue n Corneal Vascularization – reddening, burning, itching of the eyes and sensitivity to light n Seborrheic Dermatitis – unusual dryness and greasy scaling of the skin

Vitamin B 3 n n Vitamin B 3, also called niacin, is needed for the metabolism of food, the maintenance of healthy skin, nerves and the gastrointestinal tract. Niacin is found in protein-rich foods. The most common protein rich foods are: meats, fish, brewer's yeast, milk, eggs, legumes, potatoes and peanuts. If too much niacin is consumed, itching, headaches, cramps, nausea and skin eruptions may occur. Vitamin B 3 is also called nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

Deficiency of Vitamin B 3 A deficiency of niacin causes the disease, pellagra. n Too much Vitamin B 3 More than 100 mg of vitamin B 3 can cause flushing, tingling, itching, headaches, nausea, diarrhea and ulcers. n VITAMIN B 6 n Vitamin B 6, also called pyridoxine, is essential in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Pyridoxine is also used in the production of red blood cells.

Pyridoxine is also called pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine. n Pyridoxine can be found in many foods. Some of the foods that contain it are: liver, meat, brown rice, fish, butter, wheat germ, whole grain cereals, and soybeans. Deficiency of Vitamin B 6 n Deficiency of pyridoxine is rare. However, pyridoxine deficiency often occurs in alcoholics. n Deficiency causes skin disorders, disruption of the nervous system, confusion, poor coordination and insomnia. n

n Vitamin B 6 is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism. It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism. The nerve amd immune system need Vitamin B 6 to function efficiently, and it is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan (an amino acid) to niacin.

Too much Vitamin B 6 More than 500 mg can cause irreversible nerve damage. The nerve damage can cause impaired walking, numbness, tingling and poor sense of touch. VITAMIN B 12 n Vitamin B 12 is necessary for processing carbohydrates, proteins and fats and to help make all of the blood cells in our bodies. Vitamin B 12 is stored in the liver. Deficiency of Vitamin B 12 n Deficiency of vitamin B 12 causes mouth irritation, brain damage, and a disease called pernicious anemia. n Vitamin B 12 can be found in liver, meat, egg yolk, poultry and milk. n

n n n VITAMIN B 12 is also called cobalamin because it contains the meat cobalt. This vitamin helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. It’s also needed to help make DNA. Vitamin B 12 bound to the protein in food. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach release B 12 from proteins in foods during digestion. Once released, Vitamin B 12 combines with a substance called gastric intrinsic factor. This complex can be absorbed by the intestinal tract.

Vitamin B 9 n n Vitamin B 9, also called folic acid, interacts with vitamin B 12 for the synthesis of DNA. Folic acid is also necessary for the breakdown of proteins and the formation of hemoglobin. Folic acid is produced by bacteria in the stomach and intestines. Folic acid is found in many foods, including yeast, liver, green vegetables, and whole grain cereals. Women who are pregnant have an increased need for folic acid. High doses of folic acid can cause convulsions, and disrupt zinc absorption.

Deficiency of Vitamin B 9 n Deficiency of folic acid causes anemia, poor growth, and irritation of the mouth. Deficiency of folic acid is common in alcoholics, the elderly, and people who are malnourished. n Folic Acid is also called folacin and pteroylglutamic acid. PANTOTHENIC ACID n n Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is used in the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and some amino acids, rather sweet and has the form of calcium salt. Pantothenic acid is produced by bacteria in the intestines. It has function as cofactor of enzyme (coenzyme A) for oxidation process and coenzyme for fat synthesize (sterol)

Pantothenic acid is found in meats, legumes and wholegrain cereals, and ‘royal jelly”. Deficiency of Pantothenic Acid n Dermatitis symptoms and intestine n Vomiting, hair fall, skin disorders, disruption of the nervous system and adrenalin gland VITAMIN H (BIOTIN) n n n Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin which contains sulfur and valeric acid has the form of Ureido ring It has function as coenzyme for carboxylation, decarboxylation and de-amination process Biotin is found in potatoes, yeast, liver, kidney, vegetables and fruits. It is also produced by bacteria in the intestines.

Vitamin C n n Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) assists the body in the production of collagen, a basic component of connective tissues. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, scavenging potentially harmful molecules called free radicals, and protect against cancer, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration of the retina, and other chronic diseases. Vitamin C intake may be particularly helpful to smokers, as they are more likely to suffer from oxidative stress and cell damage that can deplete vitamin C. Vitamin C also enhances iron absorption.

Vitamin C may work against high blood pressure (hypertension), . Vitamin C promotes healthy teeth and gums, helps in the absorption of iron, aids in the maintenance of normal connective tissue, and promotes wound healing. It also helps the body's immune system. Vitamin C Deficiency n Lack of vitamin C can lead to a condition called scurvy, which causes muscle weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, and bleeding under the skin, as well as tiredness and depression. Vitamin C deficiency also causes wounds to heal slowly. n

Which foods have Vitamin C? n Foods that are rich in Vitamin C are broccoli, strawberries, citrus fruits, green peppers, brussels sprouts, honeydew, and cantaloupe. Risks of too much Vitamin C n High doses can cause kidney stones, diarrhea and nausea. Vitamin C Substance Interactions n The effect of vitamin C is decreased by aspirin, tobacco, barbiturates, mineral oil, oral contraceptives, salicylates, sulfa drugs and tetracyclines. Vitamin C will decrease the effect of Anti-cholinergics, oral anticoagulants and copper.