Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S DNA synthesis G

Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S DNA synthesis G 2 M Mitosis G 1 Mitogenic stimulus S G 2 M G 1

Mitogenic stimulus G 1

Mitogenic stimulus G 1 GAP

Stimolo mitogenico G 1 Expression of the genes initiating cell cycle

Stimolo mitogenico G 1

Mitogenic stimulus G 1

Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S

L’ATTIVITÀ DI CICLINA D È RICHIESTA PER IL PASSAGGIO IN FASE S DAPI Brd. U- Brd. U+ Injected Noninjected

CICLINA-CDK COMPLEX ACTIVATION

MITOGENIC STIMULUS G 1 How about the synthesis of Cyclin D? 4 CYCLIN D Active complex

Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S S

Mitogenic stimulus Check point G 1 S

Mitogenic stimulus Check point G 1 S

inactive cdk

CICLINA-CDK COMPLEX ACTIVATION

Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S DNA synthesis G 2 M mitosis

Exit from mitosis Mitogenic stimulus G 1 S DNA synthesis G 2 M mitosis

Analysis of cell cycle and proliferationellulari Brd. U labelling DAPI Brd. U

Fluorescence-Assisted Cell Sorter

File analyzed: CICLO CELL_WT 2 CTR Date analyzed: 7 -Feb-2013 Model: 1 DA 0 n_DSF Analysis type: Manual analysis Diploid: 100. 00 % Dip G 1: 42. 96 % at 61. 39 Dip G 2: 15. 89 % at 121. 52 Dip S: 41. 15 % G 2/G 1: 1. 98 %CV: 8. 74 Total S-Phase: 41. 15 % Total B. A. D. : 2. 23 % Debris: 0. 16 % Aggregates: 13. 09 % Modeled events: 9427 All cycle events: 8177 Cycle events per channel: 134 RCS: 2. 229

TGF-b family: TGF-b 1, 2, 3 BMP 2, 4, 7 Activin Ecc.

Legend Hh: sonic Hedgehog, Ptc: Patched, Smo: smoothened

apoptosis Figure 18 -1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Extrinsic pathway Figure 18 -6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Intrinsic pathway Figure 18 -8 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

The exit of cytochrome c is the key event

Bax or Ba. K

Bcl 2 Bad, Puma, etc.

Apoptosis regulators: Blc proteins Figure 18 -9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Cell survival and Apoptosis Figure 18 -13 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 18 -14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Akt pathway

Bad m. RNA G 1 arrest repair Apoptosis

DRAB ciclo cellulare 1. Descrivere Il meccanismo di ingresso nella fase M 2. Descrivere il meccanismo di regolazione dell’ingresso in fase S 3. Se si verificano danni al DNA come si innesca il blocco in G 1?

DRAB cell cycle 1. Describe the transition from G 2 into M phase 2. Describe the mechanism of the transition into the S phase 3. Describe the mechanism undelying the G 1 arrest as a consequence of DNA damage