MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS DETERMINATION AND
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MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS DETERMINATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SENSITIVE AREAS ON THE BASIS OF WATERSHED IN TURKEY Necla ADALI General Directorate of Water Management Water Quality Management Department 23 May 2013
CONTENT ü Eutrophication ü Sensitive Water Areas ü Management of Sensitive Water Areas ü The Project on Determination of Sensitive Areas and Water Quality Objectives on The Basis of Watershed in Turkey.
EUTROPHICATION Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water is enriched with organic material when this causes changes in that system. 3
What is Sensitive Water Area? Sensitive Water Areas Eutrophic ü natural fresh water lakes, May Become Eutrophic ü other fresh water sources, ü estuaries and coastal waters, ü fresh surface waters intended to supply drinking water and ü can contain high nitrate concentrations in case of the measures not taken areas requiring further treatment
Types of Sensitive Areas SENSITIVE AREAS Sensitive Areas to Nitrate Sensitive Areas to Urban Wastewater Vulnerable Zones to Nitrate 5
Management of Sensitive Water Areas Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) Nitrate Directive (91/676/EEC) WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE The Water Framework Directive reveals a more coherent and integrated approach for the management of eutrophication in water by fully taking into account the requirements of the Nitrates Directive and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. 6
THE PROJECT ON DETERMINATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS AND WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ON THE BASIS OF WATERSHED IN TURKEY 7
Aim of the Project To determine sensitive water areas in terms of water pollution, nitrate vulnerable water areas in the surface waters, nitrate vulnerable zones that affect these areas, water quality objectives and measures to be taken to improve water quality in twenty five river basin in Turkey. Executive of the Project: TUBITAK Marmara Research Center Duration of the Project: 2012 -2015 8
The Scope of the Project Determination of Pressures , Determination of Water Bodies in surface waters Monitoring on potential sensitive areas (ÇO, p. H, T, TN, TP, TOK, PO 4, NO 3, NH 4, secchi disk, klorofila, SS, bilogical parameters) Determination of measures to be taken for all water bodies in line with the water quality objectives (including wastewater treatment systems) impacts and pollution loads (BOİ, KOİ, AKM, TN, TP, NO 3, PO 4) Determination of final sensitive areas (by monitoring data) Development of water quality models for our country Determination of Potential Sensitive Areas (Pressures –impacts, monitoring data, expert opinions) Determination of the reference water bodies and water quality objectives Determination of carrying capacity in lakes, dams in terms of nutrients C, N, P Preparation of legislation, guide documents, measures program
Determination of water Bodies and Typology according to WFD
Determination of Water Bodies Body of surface water” means a discrete and significant element of surface water such as a lake, a reservoir, a stream, river or canal, part of a stream, river or canal, a transitional water or a stretch of coastal water. 11
Determination of Water Bodies Point source Surface water body 1 Surface water body 2 12
Determination of Water Bodies Surface water bodies can be grouped and monitored from a single representative site for monitoring, reporting and management Grouped water bodies must have similar characteristics, quality and human pressure (risks) 13
Typology üEach category of water body is divided into various types of water body üThe typology ensures that similar types of water bodies are compared and that biological and chemical standards are able to protect ecological quality üDifferent types of river support different natural biology 14
Criteria of Typology Table 1. Criteria of Typology Used for The Classification of Lakes Criteria Altitude Depth Area Geology Limit Values 0 -800 m > 800 m <5 m >5 m < 500 ha > 500 ha High-mineralized Low-mineralized Code R 1 R 2 D 1 D 2 A 1 A 2 J 1 J 2 15
Criteria of Typology Table 2. Criteria of Typology Used for The Classification of Rivers Criteria Flow Regime (First Approach) Altitude Slope Precipitation Drainage Area Geology Limit Values Seasonal Permanent 0 -800 m > 800 m <%2 >%2 0 -400 mm > 400 mm < 1000 km 2 < 3000 km 2 > 1000 km 2 >3000 km 2 High-mineralized Low-mineralized Code A 1 A 2 R 1 R 2 E 1 E 2 Y 1 Y 2 D 1 D 2 J 1 J 2 16
Determination of Pressures and Impacts Pressure and impact analysis is a risk analysis method that is used to assess the risks which are related to the achieving case of the desired water quality objectives. DEFINITIONS OF THE DPSIR Term Definition Active Factor an anthropogenic activity that may have an environmental effect (i. e. agriculture, industry) Pressure the direct effect of the factor (for example, an effect that causes a change in flow or a change in the water chemistry) State the status of the water body resulting from both natural and anthropogenic factors (i. e. physical, chemical and biological characteristics) Impact the environmental effect of the pressure (i. e. fish killed, ecosystem modified) 17
WATER BODIES ON BÜYÜK MENDERES BASIN 18
Determination of Potential Sensitive Water Areas ü Morphological and geographical features ü pressures and impacts, ü hydro-dynamic properties, ü bio-chemical properties, ü pollution loads on the basis of wastewater sources and ü water quality monitoring data, Additionally, ü eutrophication parameters (chlorophyll-a, secchi disc, ortho-phosp. ) ü satellite images that show the distribution of chlorophyll-a cons. ) 19
Monitoring on Potential Sensitive Areas Parameters p. H Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Secchi Disk Depth Chlorophyll-a Suspended Solids Total Organic Carbon Total Nitrogen Nitrate Ammonium Total Phosphorus Phosphate Phytoplankton Macrophyte Macroinvertebrates Fish Sampling Frequency (Number of Sampling per year) Lakes/Dams Rivers Depth Shallow 4 (Seasonal) 4(Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 4 (Seasonal) 2 2 2 20 2 2 2
Determination of Sensitive Water Areas in Lakes Table 10. Limit Values Of The Trophic Classification In Lake, Pond And CLASSIFICATION OF TROPHIC LEVEL INSystem LAKES (OECD) Dam Lakes (Reference: By-Law of Surface Water Quality Management (OG: 30. 11. 2012/28483) Trophic Max. C<8 Secchi Disc *Min. Secchi Chlorophyll-a Secchi Disc P (µg/L) Chl (µg/L) Trophic Level Total P (µg/L) Total N (µg/L) Category hl (µg/L)Depth (m))Depth (m)(m) Ultra<4 ≤ 10 <1 ≤ 350 <2, 5 <3, 5 >12 Oligotrophic >4 >6 Oligotrophic Mesotrophic 10>TP≥ 30 350>TN≥ 650 3, 5 – 9, 0 >6 4 – 2 >3 Oligotrophic <10 <2, 5 Mesotrophic 10 -35 Eutrophic 30>TP≥ 100 2, 5 -8 650>TN≥ 1200 8 -25 9, 1 – 25, 0 6 -3 1, 9 – 1 3 -1, 5 Eutrophic 35 -100 8 -25 25 -75 3 -1, 5 -0, 7 Hypertrophic >100 >1200 >25, 0 <1 Hypertrophic >100 >25 >75 <1, 5 <0, 7 21
Determination of Sensitive Water Areas in Lakes Ecological Quality of Lakes According to the Classification of EC I Oligotrophic II Mesotrophic III Variable Eutrophic IV Eutrophic V Hypertrophic 90 -110 110 -120 120 -130 130 -150 >150 Hipolimnion 90 -70 70 -50 50 -30 30 -10 <10 Non-stratified water 90 -70 70 -50 50 -30 30 -10 <10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) >7 7 -6 6 -4 4 -3 <3 COD-Mn (mg O 2/l) >3 3 -10 10 -20 20 -30 >30 <10 <300 <2, 5 10 -25 300 -750 2, 5 -10 25 -50 750 -1500 10 -30 50 -125 1500 -2500 30 -110 >125 >2500 >110 p. H (p. H <9 ) 9 -6, 5 -6, 3 -6, 0 -5, 3 <5, 3 Alkalinity (mg Ca. CO 3/l) >200 200 -100 100 -20 20 -10 <10 Variants A. Oxygen Exchange Dissolved Oxygen (%) epilimnion B. Eutrophication Total P (µg P/l) Total N (µg N/l) Chl-a (µg/l) C. Acidification 22
Determination of Sensitive Areas for Rivers Criteria for Classification of Rivers (GREECE) Evaluation of Trophic Level Plan for Rivers ( AUSTRIA ) Physico-chemical Eutrophic Mesotrophic Trophic Level Conditions Total Phosphorus Parameters Conditions <0, 04 mg/l 0, 3 -5, 0 to 0, 03 Nitrate (µg/l) 1 >5, 0 2 0, 12 -0, 13 mg/l median Ammonium (µg/l) >0, 4 0, 1 - 0, 4 3 (µg/l) Medium 0, 15 Total Phosphorus >0, 4 0, 1 - mg/l 0, 4 BOİ 5 (mg/l) 4 5 Oxygen Concentration 6 ~0, 2 mg/l 1, 0 - 4, 0 >4, 0 ~0, 32 mg/l 4, 0 -10, 0 <4, 0 Oligotrophic Conditions <0, 3 <0, 1 >0, 3 mg/l, Medium 0, 42 mg/l <0, 1 <1, 0 >10, 0 23
Modeling Studies Modeling studies will be realized in sensitive water bodies in order to achieve water quality objectives with the aim of determination of alternative scenarios regarding measures. Some of the alternative models considered to be suitable for water quality modeling are listed below and one of them will be used in the project. • SHYFEM • Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) • TELEMAC-MASCARET • CE-QUAL-W 2 • AQUATOX • WASP 24
Conclusions With the completion of the project, ü Sensitive water areas and nitrate vulnerable zones will be determined ü Measures that need to be taken for improvement of water quality and control of the pollution of point and diffuse sources will be assessed. ü Regulations, guide documents will be prepared. 25
Thanks for your attention.
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