Minerals vs Rocks Common silicate minerals Olivine independent
- Slides: 36
Minerals vs. Rocks Common silicate minerals: Olivine- independent tetrahedra joined by Fe or Mg Pyroxene- single chains of linked tetrahedra Amphibole- double chains of linked tetrahedra Micas and Clays- 2 -D sheets of linked tetrahedra Quartz- 3 -D framework of fully polymerized tetrahedra Feldspar- also a 3 -D framework, but Al, Na, Ca, or K can substitute
Minerals vs. Rocks Common non-silicate minerals: Calcite- Ca. CO 3 a carbonate Dolomite- Ca. Mg(CO 3)2 Apatite- Calcium phosphate (PO 4) Halite- Na. Cl Gypsum- hydrated Ca. SO 4
Rock Types l Igneous
Rock Types l Igneous Polished slab of granite 10 cm across Thin section of basalt 4 mm across
Rock Types l Sedimentary l Metamorphic
2) The Earth’s Interior
General Geological Principles: 1) Geologic Time
Geologic Time l Relative dating by superposition, cross-cutting relationships, fossils and evolution
Geologic Time l Relative dating by superposition, cross-cutting relationships, fossils and evolution Absolute dating by radioactive decay (igneous) 1 # parent atoms l ½ ¼ time
Isostasy Wood density 0. 5 8 g 2 g 3 g 5 g 5 g 3 g 2 g Water density 1. 0 Each block weighs 2 g 0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 density = 0. 1 0. 2 Water density 1. 0 0. 3 0. 5
Isostasy
Isostasy
3) Plate Tectonics
Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries
Continental Rifting
Continental Rifting the East African Rift
Convergent Plate Boundaries
“Andean-type” orogenesis Crust thickens by addition of magma l Compression due to plate convergence l
Convergent Plate Boundaries The Origin of the Himalayas
“Himalayan-type” orogenesis Begins as Andean-type
“Himalayan-type” orogenesis How do you locate the “suture zone” today? How can you determine the “polarity” of subduction?
Slivers of oceanic crust and upper mantle (ophiolites) The “suture zone” is marked by the mélange and become incorporated into the “mélange” in the particularly by the occurrence of ultramafic rocks accretionary wedge of deformed sediments composing the mantle portion of the ocean lithosphere
Chain of ultramafic bodies in Vermont indicating a suture zone of the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. The ultramafics mark a closed oceanic basin between North American rocks and an accreted island arc terrane. From Chidester, (1968) in Zen et al. , Studies in Appalachian Geology, Northern and Maritime. Wiley Interscience.
Appalachian History Can “accrete” island arc terranes as well as continents
Accreted Terranes of the Western Cordillera
Hot Spots
The Plate Tectonic Regime of the Western USA
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
General Geological Principles: 4) The Rock Cycle
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Examples of Other Cycles: the Hydrologic Cycle
Examples of Other Cycles: the Carbon Cycle
Population
Population
Population Impacts: Resources Waste Disposal Pollution Hazards/Disasters Farmland Food/Soil Disruption of Natural Systems l l l
- Olivine group of minerals
- Luster
- The basic building block of the silicate minerals
- Hardness scale
- Rock cycle song (sedimentary igneous metamorphic)
- Igneous metamorphic and sedimentary
- Homogeneous minerals
- Olivine melting point
- Formule chimique du plagioclase
- Is muscovite a silicate
- Silicate ceramics definition
- Opx
- Zinc ethyl silicate primer
- Crystalline silicate clays
- Silicate hardness
- Difference between minerals and rocks
- Rocks and minerals
- Rocks are aggregates of minerals
- Map of igneous rock
- What type of rock is this
- Suzanna socked me sunday poem
- Why is bowen's reaction series important
- Difference between rocks and stones
- Solid rock cycles
- Extrusive rocks
- Site:slidetodoc.com
- Independent clause fanboys independent clause
- Common metamorphic rocks
- Highest common factors and lowest common multiples
- Factor tree of 48
- Lowest common factor
- Greatest common factor of 20 and 36
- What is the least common multiple of 18 and 27
- Common anode and common cathode
- Absorbs water and minerals
- Minerals in water
- Study of minerals