Minerals Vitamins Chris Ellason Minerals Macro minerals Ca

Minerals & Vitamins Chris Ellason

Minerals • Macro minerals – Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S • Trace or micro minerals – Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

Calcium • • Milk fever poorly mineralized bones osteoporosis weak egg shells

Calcium • • 99% is stored in bones in a 2: 1 ratio with P Controls nerve and muscle excitability Aids in blood coagulation Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and relaxation

Calcium • Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport • Ca. BP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls absorption and in most species is Vitamin D dependent • Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent absorbed decreases • Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca uptake due to Ca. BP

Phosphorus • Poorly mineralized bones – osteoporosis • impaired fertility • Rickets – Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight loss, and bone degeneration

Phosphorus • Approximately 80% of total body P is contained in skeletal system • Serum P occurs in both organic and inorganic forms • Organic form is primarily lipid • Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized, bound to proteins, etc.

Phytic Acid • P is bound as an ester of inositol • Renders it basically unavailable to nonruminants • Phytate is high in many plant seeds • Some inorganic sources may contain more or less phytate • Can be available for ruminants

Toxicity • Can occur in extreme cases • Results in excessive bone resorption • High levels can depress absorption of Ca – Ca: P ratio should be 1: 1 to 2: 1 in male ruminants – Excess P may cause urinary calculi

Magnesium • Grass Tetany • Can replace Ca, and P in bones • Staggering

Magnesium • 3 rd most prevalent mineral in the body • ½ total MG is contained in bone • Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in liver and skeletal muscle

Magnesium functions • Required for normal bone formation • Enzyme activation • ATP enzymes and P transfer

Toxicity • Mg toxicity is manifested through – Depressed intakes – Cardiorespiratory depression – Even heart stoppage • Chronic high levels can result in P depletion in bones

Potassium • • Weakness emaciation, loss of weight Dehydration distended abdomen

Function • Major cation of intracellular fluid – Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance • Muscle activity

Salt • • • Na. Cl Weight loss dehydration reduced performance delayed puberty

Functions • K works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure • K primary function is to maintain acid/base balance in the body • Also involved in processes such as protein synthesis and glucose absorption

Functions • Na as the extracellular component of an energy dependent Na “pump” • Maintenance of osmotic pressure • Acid/base balance by its separation from K • Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and maintenance of acid/base balance

Sulfur • Growth rate reduction – S containing amino acids • reduced wool and feather growth

Iron • Anemia • Common in baby pigs

Copper • • Faded hair coat joint swelling no loss of winter coat anemia

Zinc • • Hoof softness wool slipping thickened skin parakeratosis in swine – Pigs 6 to 16 wks old – Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of Zn due to excess Ca – Causes lesions on the skin

Manganese • • • Skeletal abnormalities slipped tendons in poultry impaired reproduction testicular degeneration defective ovulation Excess Ca & P decreases absorption

Cobalt • Anemia • lowered growth rates • reduced appetite • Needed by rumen bacteria for growth & Vitamin B 12 synthesis

Iodine • • Low metabolism Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) hairless pigs at birth wool-less lambs at birth

Selenium • White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy – Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue • stiff lamb disease – Vitamin E & Selenium deficiency – Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and die or starvation • liver necrosis – Destroying of the liver cells

Significant Mineral Interactions • Cu, Mo and Zn – Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism • Ca and Zn – High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn absorption by tying up • Ca, P and Mn – High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption

Significant Mineral Interactions • Mg and K – Excess K reduces Mg absorption – Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can result in K deficiency as well • Cu and Fe – Cu required for proper Fe metabolism

Significant Mineral Interactions • Mg and Ca, P – Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will replace these in bones • P and Mg, Ca – Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption – Ca: P ratio at 1. 5 to 2: 1

Significant Mineral Interactions • Zn and Se – Used together improve immune response in combination with Vitamin E • Cu, Mo and Fe – In ruminants these interact and can affect absorption of all three and S

Vitamins • Organic compounds in foods distinct from proteins, CHO or fats • Cannot be synthesized by animals and must be supplied by the diet • If not supplied each results in a specific deficiency

Vitamins • Fat Soluble – Vitamin A – Vitamin D 2 and D 3 – Vitamin E – Vitamin K, natural and synthetic

Vitamins • Water Soluble Vitamins – Thiamine – Riboflavin – Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) – Pyridoxine – Pantothenic Acid

Vitamins • Water Soluble cont. – Biotin – Choline – Folic Acid – Cobalamin – Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) – Inositol – PABA

Vitamins • Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O • Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co

Fat Soluble Vitamins • Are generally responsible for the regulation of metabolism of structural units • May occur in plant tissues as provitamins • Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the presence of fat • All can be stored when fat is deposited and rate depends on intake

Fat Soluble Vitamins • Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes • Excreted only in feces with fat

Water Soluble Vitamins • • No provitamins Responsible primarily in energy transfer Absorbed more easily and readily from SI Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a great extent • Excretion occurs both in feces and urine • Rumen microbes can synthesize all

Vitamin Deficiencies • Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal degenteration • Vitamin D - osteoporosis • Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver necrosis • Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders

Vitamin Deficiencies • Thiamin (B 1) - edema, enlarged heart • Riboflavin (B 2) - cataracts, lesions around lips and mouth • Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis • Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of hair, fetal death, goose stepping in pigs

Vitamin Deficiencies • Pyridoxine (B 6) - Reduced immune function, increased fat deposition • Cobalamin (B 12) - anemia, kidney damage • Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference between this and B 12 • Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth defects

Vitamin Deficiencies • Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums, scurvy in humans • Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys, slipped tendon in poultry

Vitamin Functions in Rations • Cobalamin given as intake stimulant • A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if not provided in large quantities • E - immune system • Biotin - hoof hardness • Pantothenic Acid - reproduction • Niacin - growth rates and milk production?