MINERAL DEPOSITS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND By Jacques Houle

MINERAL DEPOSITS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND By Jacques Houle, P. Eng. May 2014

Data Sources BC MINFILE http: //www. empr. gov. bc. ca/Mining/Geoscience/MINFILE/Pages/default. aspx BC Map. Place http: //www. empr. gov. bc. ca/Mining/Geoscience/Map. Place/Pages/default. aspx BC Mineral Deposit Profiles http: //www. empr. gov. bc. ca/Mining/Geoscience/Mineral. Deposit. Profiles/Pages/default. aspx

Highly Varied Deposit Types

Few Long Life Producers

Highly Varied Deposit Types

+95% Wrangellia

• • • 50% Volcanic: 1% Miocene (Alert Bay) 3% Eocene (Metchosin) 10% Jurassic (Bonanza) 30% Triassic (Karmutsen) 6% Devonian (Sicker)

• • • 20% Sedimentary: 9% Cretaceous (Nanaimo) 9% Triassic (Quatsino / Parson Bay) 2% Permian (Buttle Lake)

• • • 25% Intrusive: 1% Miocene (Klaskish) 5% Eocene (Mt. Washington) 15% Jurassic (Island) 3% Triassic (Mt. Hall) 1% Devonian (Saltspring)

5 % Metamorphic • 3% Post-Jurassic (Leech River) • 2% Pre-Jurassic (West Coast Complex)

10% Quaternary Sediment Cover

MINFILE Totals

MINFILE Totals • • • Dimension Stone deposit data incomplete to absent Coal deposit data limited but tonnage is significant Metallic deposit data extensive and interesting Copper, Gold, Zinc and Iron most significant metals >C$55 Billion in 185 metal deposits at todays prices

Producers & Past Producers

Producers & Past Producers • • • Dimension stone deposit data largely absent Coal deposit data historically very significant Metallic mineral deposit data dominates Copper, Gold, Zinc and Iron most significant metals >C$25 Billion in 123 metal deposits at todays prices

Developed Prospects

Developed Prospects • • Limestone deposits on Texada Island & Northern Vancouver Island dominate industrial minerals data Coal data dominated by Comox area deposits Copper and Gold most significant metals >C$30 Billion in 64 metal deposits at todays prices

MINFILE Metallic Mineral Totals

MINFILE Metallic Mineral Totals • • Copper primarily in Porphyry Deposits Gold mainly in Porphyry Deposits, but Exhalative (VMS) Deposits contribute significantly as well Zinc entirely in Exhalative (VMS) Deposits Iron almost entirely in Skarn Deposits

Metallic Producers & Past Producers

Metallic Producers & Past Producers • • Copper mainly from Porphyry and VMS deposits Gold mainly as by-product from VMS Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag. Au and Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits, with some from Au Quartz Veins Zinc entirely from VMS deposits Iron mainly from Fe-Cu Skarn deposits

Metallic Developed Prospects

Metallic Developed Prospects • • Copper mainly in Porphyry deposits, with some in VMS deposits Gold mainly in Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits, with significant amounts in both VMS Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au and Au Quartz Vein deposits Zinc almost exclusively in VMS deposits Iron almost exclusively in Fe-Cu Skarn deposits

Mineral Deposit Settings 1. Convergent Plate Boundary – Island Arc: Porphyry, Epithermal, Skarn, Veins 2. Divergent Plate Boundary – Spreading Centre: VMS (Exhalative)

Mineral Deposit Models

Porphyry/Skarn/Vein Deposit Settings Clustered Together!

Porphyry/Skarn/Vein Deposit Models/Profiles Co-genetic and Co-spatial Relationships! Current Erosional Level determines Deposit Depth!

Skarn Deposit Settings

Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) Deposit Settings

Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) Deposit Models/Profiles

Key Points � � � Widely varied commodities and deposit types Copper, Gold, Zinc, Iron are metals of greatest value Metallic production >C$25 Billion at todays prices Metallic developed prospects >C$30 Billion! Metallic deposit types to target: 1. 2. 3. Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au (Jurassic, Eocene, Miocene) VMS Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au (Devonian) Fe-Cu Skarn (Jurassic, Eocene, Miocene)