Military Decorations Corona obsidionalis Corona civica Corona navalis

Military Decorations Corona obsidionalis Corona civica Corona navalis / classica / rostrata Corona muralis Corona vallaris / castrensis Corona aurea Hasta pura Vexillum Torques Armilla Phalera Patella Corniculum siege crown civic crown naval crown mural crown rampart crown gold crown ceremonial spear flag/banner neck-ring armlet medal/horse-trapping shallow dish (? ) small horn (? ) From Maxfield The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (1981)

Corona obsidianis: siege lifting

Corona muralis (coin from period of Caligula/Claudius)

Augustus wearing corona civica

Source of the day: the Augustus Prima Porta Date: After 20 BCE Found: Villa of Lliva, Prima Porta Adlocutio pose

One of its models, the Doryphoros (Spear. Carrier) 1 st century Roman copy of a 5 th century Greek original: found in Pompeii, now Naples National Archaeological Museum

Breast plate showing the Parthians returning the standards

Corona civica above doorway in Pompeii

M. Caelius, centurion primus pilus of legion XVIII – died in Varian disaster of 9 CE. Cenotaph set up at Vetera. MILITARY DECORATIONS: -Corona civica -set of embossed phalerae -two torques -one armilla on each wrist

Phalerae

Rufus inscription and the listing of awards (Campbell #94)

C(aio) Velio Salvi f(ilio) Rufo p(rimo)p(ilo) leg(ionis) XII Fulm(inatae) praef(ecto) vexillariorum leg(ionum) VIIII I: Adiut(ricis), II Aug(ustae), VIIII Hisp(anae). XIIII Gem(inae), XX Vic(tricis), XXI Rapac(is), trib(uno) coh(ortis) XIII urb(anae), duci exercitus Africi et Mauretanici ad nationes quae sunt in Mauretania comprimendas, donis donato ab Imp(eratore) Vespasiano et Imp(eratore) Tito bello Iudaico corona vallar(i), torquibus, phaleris, armillis, item donis donato corona murali hastis duabus, vexillis duobus et bello Marcomannorum Quadorum Sarmatarum adversus quos expeditionem fecit per regnum Decebali regis Dacorum corona murali, hastis duabus, vexillis duobus; proc(uratori) Imp(eratoris) Caesaris Aug(usti) Germanici provinciae Pannoniae et Dalmatiae, item proc(uratori) provinciae Raetiae ius gladi. Hic missus in Parthiam Epiphanem et Callinicum, regis Antiochi filios, ad Imp(eratorem) Vespasianum cum ampla manu tributariorum reduxit. M(arcus) Alfius M(arci) f(ilius) Fabia Olympiacus aquilife[r] vet(eranus) leg(ionis) XV Apollinar(is).

Re-enactors showing just how awards should be worn…

Roman military diploma from Carnuntum (in modern Austria)

Diploma granted by Antoninus Pius Text + list of names of those who were granted citizenship

Earliest representation of the aquila (Valerius Flaccus, 82 BCE

Denarius of Mark Antony showing standards on reverse (31 BCE)

Aquilifer

When in doubt: shameless self-promotion: Lucius Hostilius Mancinus who had been the first to force an entrance into Carthage incurred a very similar offence with Scipio Aemilianus [=Africanus the Younger] by displaying in the forum a picture of the plan of the city and of the attacks upon it and his own role in the attacks. He stood by it and described to the public looking on the details of the siege, a piece of popularity-hunting which won him the consulship at the next election. Pliny the Elder, Natural History Book 35. 7