Migration Why Do People Migrate AP Human Geography

Migration Why Do People Migrate? AP Human Geography

Where and Why • Geographers want to understand two things: – Where people are moving FROM – Where people are moving TO – They also need to understand the circumstances of those places/situations to understand what motivates people to migrate

Migration • Is defined as: – A permanent move to a new location

In/Out Migration • Emigration- E is for exiting! Moving away from a place. – She emigrated from China. • Immigration- “im”=“IN” Moving to (into) a new place – She immigrated to the United States.

Emigration/Immigration Growth • Net- Migration is the total number of people moving into or out of a country. • Net Migration Formula: – Immigrants MINUS emigrants= Net Migration – If the formulated number is positive: • Net-In Migration. – If the formulated number is negative: • Net-out Migration.

Why do People Migrate? • Push Factors-induces people to move away from current location • Pull Factors-induces people to move into a new location • These usually oppose one another

Mobility • Different than migration • Mobility is about routine or general movement • Two types of mobility: – Circulation- daily, weekly routine – Seasonal- annually (Transhumance-movement of livestock to higher elevation during summer and lower elevations in winter)

Three categories of Migration • Economic Opportunity • Cultural/Political Freedom • Environmental Factors

Economic Factors • Most people migrate for economic reasons • Relocation for new employment opportunities – North Dakota-oil fields • Push factors- unemployment, factory closure

Cultural/Political Factors • Refugees- forced migration from their home to seek asylum in another country. **cannot return, must wait for another country to allow them in. – Lost Boys of Sudan – Syrians • Forced Migrants- literal force from home by political or environmental forces. Examples: – – Native American relocation to reservations. Jews to concentration camps Japanese internment camps Slavery

Environmental Factors • Typically voluntary • Choose to move to warmer climates • Southern regions of US has seen a large net-in migration pattern in the last 50 years. • This region is known as the Sun Belt. • Can include some forced migration such as natural disaster circumstances. – Hurricane Katrina – Dust Bowl

Additional Migration Draws • Environmental– Place Utility: additional factors that draw people/consumers/businesses to new locations.

Place Utility • With the invention of the air conditioner people could move to southern more desirable places (i. e places without winter) • This was a large market area so as the factory closures of the 1980’s-1990’s pushed people from the north (economical) and pulled people to the south (environmental) there was competition for these new residents

Place Utility Cont. • There needed to be some incentives for people to move into new states and neighborhoods. • Tax breaks, parks, sports arenas etc drew in new migrants. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SN 0 ch. NE B 2_U

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration 1885* what is valid and what has changed? • Most migration is over a short distance • Migration occurs in a series of steps • Long distance migrants usually move to centers of economic opportunity (urban areas) • Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction, counter stream. • People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities • Men migrate over longer distances than women • Most migrants are young adult males • Cities grow more by migration than by natural increase • Migration increases with economic development • Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Migration Transition • Using the DTM to determine the type of migration that is typical for each stage of development • Stage 1: no country • Stage 2: International/Interregional migration • Stage 3: Internal/intraregional migration • Stage 4: Internal/intraregional migration

The Human Capital Model • Larry Sjaastad in 1962 • William A. V. Clark 1986 • Theory states that: – People seek to improve income over their lifespan so weigh the cost-benefits of migrating. – People migrate less as they age, because income is accumulated over time and potential decreases with age – That psychological and economic factors are both weighed prior to migration

Psychological Considerations • Migration is impacted by major turning points in a persons life. – College, employment, marriage, children and retirement – More flexibility when you are younger – As people age they are less* likely to migrate – People with children tend to migrate intraregional *snow birds/retirees

Distance Migration • Types of emigrational patterns: – Intercontinental/International- cross ocean or continent – Internal • Interregional • Intraregional

Inter-continental/national Migration • Two types of international migration – Requires a large sum of money and usually some form of sponsorship. – There is acculturation that occurs because of the distance decay that takes place within this form of migration. (loss of culture that typically takes place within three generations) – Chain migration also takes place within this form as people become established they send for their loved ones, causing a chain reaction.

Internal Migration • Two types of Internal Migration – Interregional- from one region to another – Intraregional- within one region

Interregional Migration • Movement between regions of the same country • Snowbirds-retirees

Sun Belt v. Rust Belt

Intraregional Migration • • Movement within the same region. Usually rural to urban Primarily economically motivated Within the last half century there has been a trend outward from urban to rural.