Migration Migration Terms Immigration vs Migration Emigration vs

Migration

Migration Terms • • • Immigration vs. Migration Emigration vs. Immigration Internal vs. International Voluntary vs. Involuntary Legal vs. Illegal and… Documented vs. Undocumented • Chain Migration: movement that follows family or friends (legal or illegal)

Historic Migrations (Pre-20 th Century) • • • The Migration Period Roma Jews Serbs Many, many others 300 -700 A. D. 400+ ? 1100+ 1400 -1800 … Reasons? • • • Wars Social Pressure: Persecution, Restriction Empires

Immigration to the U. S. by Region of Origin major wave Why? From Where? • Germany / Austria-Hungary - 1871: “ 2 nd Reich” - WWI and WWII • Russia / USSR - Ethnic / Religious Persecution Lack of Opportunity (peasantry) Russian Revolution / Instability Socialism

Four Major Waves of Emigration (~20 th Century) Era • 1880 s-1914 • 1920 -1939 • 1945 -1955 • 1989 / 1991 + Push Factor pre-WWI / Revolution Socialism / pre-WWII Post-WWII / Stalinism Ability to Leave / Economics Pull Factors: Survival, Freedom, Opportunity = U. S. A. (Western Europe, Israel, too)

Polish Immigration to U. S. 1795 (1900 -1930) • 9. 3% of Wisconsinites are of Polish descent (largest % of any state) 1871 • WI has the 6 th highest Polish-descent population (Illinois #2) • Chicago is “ 2 nd Largest Polish city in the World” (Warsaw) ? Today

Game: Name the Pole • • Martha Kostyra • Karol Wojtyla • Meyer Suchowljansky • Johnathan Leibowitz • Maksymilian Faktorowicz • Natalie Hershlag • Elisabeth Filarski • Hirsz, Aaron, Szmul, and Itzhak Wonskolaser • Martha Stewart Pope John Paul II Meyer Lansky Jon Stewart Max Factor, Sr. Natalie Portman Elisabeth Hasselbeck The Warner Bros

Others with Eastern European Origins • • (Vładziu Valentino) Liberace Peter Lorre (László Löwenstein) Alex Trebek Bob Dylan (Zimmerman) • • • Jerry Seinfeld Chiam (Gene Simmons) Witz Joan Rivers (Molinsky) Bugsy (Benjamin) Siegel(baum) Woody Allen (Allan Konigsberg) Larry (Louis Feinberg), Curly (Jerome) and Moe (Moses Horwitz) Estée (Josephine Esther Mentzer) Lauder Marishka Hargitay Polish Hungary Ukrainian Lith, Russian, Kyrgyz, Turkish Hungarian, Turk Hungarian Russian Lithuanian Hungarian / Czech Hungarian

Q: Why is it that, proportionally speaking, there are relatively few people of Russian ancestry in the United States? US POP German ACTUAL POP RANK % RANK 47, 383, 539 81, 147, 265 2 58. 39% 1 Polish 9, 477, 905 38, 383, 809 4 24. 69% 2 Russian Czech Hungarian Greek Ukrainian Slovak Lithuanian 2, 994, 598 1, 508, 360 1, 415, 187 1, 280, 777 958, 470 730, 373 654, 004 142, 500, 482 10, 162, 921 9, 981, 334 10, 772, 967 44, 573, 205 5, 488, 339 3, 515, 858 1 6 7 5 3 8 9 2. 10% 14. 84% 14. 18% 11. 89% 2. 15% 13. 31% 18. 60% 9 4 5 7 8 6 3

Russification • Hard-line Enforcement - One language, one religion, one ethnicity Tsar Alexander III - Persecution of Jews, Roma, etc. (1881 -1894) - Even started banning Jews from settling / living in the Pale • No ethnic Russians allowed to leave, but… • Jews, Poles, “others” encouraged to leave: - Belarusians, Lithuanians, Armenians, etc. • Start of Eastern European / USSR -Russian migration to U. S. non

Reasons for Migration: 20 th Century • Social Pressures • Industrialization and Agricultural Projects (Internal) – Planned Cities – Primate Cities – Agricultural Campaigns (e. g. “Virgin Lands”) and Collectivization

Social Pressures • Russian Revolution – Early ‘ 20 s: Virtually all emigration prohibited – Poland = New Pale • WWI & WWII – ‘ 000’s IDP’s (Internally Displaced Persons) – IDP vs. Refugee vs. Illegal Immigrant – Forced vs. Involuntary w / legal OK vs. Illegal – Most not allowed to return to Russia / USSR (viewed as traitors)

• • “Monocities” Stalinization = Industrialization = Planned Cities COUNTRY CITY PRODUCT Belarus Novopolosk Petrochemicals Belarus Salihorsk Plastics Hungary Dunaújváros Metalworking Hungary Tiszaújváros Chemicals Lithuania Elektrėnai Powerplant Poland Nowa Huta Steel Romania Victoria Ironworks Russia Magnitogorsk Steel Ukraine Pripyat Housing: Nukes Ukraine Slavutych (Chernobyl Cleanup) And many, many more… YEAR 1958 1951 1955 1961 1949 1930 1970 1986

Monocities Construction • Three Phases of Construction: 1. Factories, housing, power station, railway 2. More housing, businesses 3. Schools, Community Center, Miscellaneous • • Heavily Industrialized (steel, coal, chemicals, power): Dirty!! Built from scratch or where small town was Could be based on other cities (i. e. Pittsburgh) Often included: – Living quarters for nearby factory (perhaps the first “bedroom communities? ”) – Large, monolithic housing blocks – Factories – Man-made lake / reservoir – Railway Nowa Huta

Nowa Huta (Krakow), Poland

Baikonur, Kazakhstan • • • Planned city: 1955 Called Leninsk until 1995 Home of Baikonur Cosmodrome “Leased” by Russia until 2050 Jointly managed

…and don’t forget about Laika!

The first living creature in space! (11/3/57)

Agricultural Migration Collectivization (1929 -1933): • Land owners lost private land: Collectivization Collective Farm: smaller farms State Farm: larger farms - Land owners ($$$): Blamed by Stalin • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. Ihixc UEq 50 o Ukrainian Genocide (1932 -33) - All food removed from Ukraine - No food / money / trade / emigration allowed - By 1933: from 1. 5 m - 10 m deaths - Over ¼ of the Ukrainian population died

Rate of Population Decline

The Irony

USSR / Russia: Net Out-Migration 1985 -2001 in ‘ 000 s • Most migration prior to 1991: Internal: by law International: illegal

Rule Changes in Migration: Transition from Old to New OLD NEW No Out-Migration Non-Russians out Fled to Israel, US, W Europe No policy Internal Passports Citizenship: Russians only! Educated stayed in USSR Little ethnic conflict Little crime export Much Out-Migration Non-Russians in Head to Israel, US, W Europe Still no policy! International Passports Citizenship: for all ex-USSR “Brain Drain” Much ethnic conflict Human / organ trafficking, Russian mafia, drugs, etc.

Sex Industry in Eastern Europe **No more gender equality like during Communism** • Women: usually fired first, hired last, underpaid • Excuses to not hire women: - No more day care, too complicated Maternity leave Jobs are not deemed “vital” for women • Women: 60%-90% of the unemployed in various regions: cities planned for “women’s work” (textiles, accounting, health) • After Communism ended, many areas of high female concentrations remained…and no work • Gov’t less concerned about women’s unemployment • No laws to protect workplace / hiring discrimination • Many women never get paid or paid up to 70% less

Geography of the Sex Industry SENDING COUNTRIES RECEIVING REGIONS • Russia • Ukraine • Moldova Accounts for ~90%! RECENT SENDERS • Albania • Lithuania • Romania • Belarus • Stans • Western Europe: - Belgium Cyprus Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Turkey U. K. • Middle East - Israel - Saudi Arabia • United States • Japan

Map of Global Human Trafficking

The Tier System: Degree of Compliance in Enforcing Trafficking Victims Protection Acts (TPVAs)

How the System Works • Bogus employment agency run by local Mafia advertising opportunities for women to get ahead: - Work / study abroad (U. S. , Western Europe) - At famous resort or fancy restaurant - Au Pair employment • • Passports / ID, money taken upon arrival Women beaten, forced to work off “placement fee” Rarely, if ever, can victims buy their freedom ~70 -90% of Russian women who seek work abroad wind up in the sex industry • ~70% of the slaveowners / “pimps” are women • Few laws, weak enforcement Sources: National Institute of Justice United Nations Coalition Against Trafficking of Women Trade Environment Database

Net Migration of Eastern Europe / Eurasia • Out of Stans / Transcaucasia into Russia • Out of Eastern Europe into EU Europe • Out of Eastern EU into Western EU

European Union

And now, introducing your newest EU member: July 1, 2013: Croatia

Impact of the EU

Schengen Area • Schengen Agreement means no passports required for member states • Therefore, no passport checking • 26 countries

In Summary… • Democracy / free market economies have led to many changes in migration patterns: Economic Opportunities • MUCH more international migration • Rural to Urban, E-W, S-N • Similar immigration issues to what we have in U. S. (illegals, ag workers, etc. ) • “Immigration” control, however, is certainly not what it used to be under Communism.