Migration Migration has had a significant impact on

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Migration • Migration has had a significant impact on geography It has contributed to

Migration • Migration has had a significant impact on geography It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures • It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication. • It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found in different regions of the world today. .

Observations of migration can be summarized into Laws of Migration (Ravenstein) • 1. Most

Observations of migration can be summarized into Laws of Migration (Ravenstein) • 1. Most migrants only go a short distance. • 2. Longer distance migration favors big-city destinations. Large cities are migrant magnets. • 3. Most migration proceeds step by step. • 4. Most migration is rural to urban. • 5. Each migration flow produces a counter flow. • 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. • 7. Most international migrants are young males. (This is now changing as women become more educated/mobile

Migration occurs at different scales: • >GLOBAL • Intercontinental Movements: from continent to continent

Migration occurs at different scales: • >GLOBAL • Intercontinental Movements: from continent to continent • Motivated by *better economic conditions *changes in life cycles e. g. , moving at retirement to a warmer climate, getting married, having children)

 • >REGIONAL • Intracontinental and Interregional Migrations: between countries and within countries. •

• >REGIONAL • Intracontinental and Interregional Migrations: between countries and within countries. • flight from disastrous environmental or political conditions, e. g. , • refugees, Hong Kong Chinese moving to avoid China's take over

 • LOCAL > Rural to Urban Migration: from the countryside (rural areas) to

• LOCAL > Rural to Urban Migration: from the countryside (rural areas) to cities (urban areas). We are experiencing a ‘TIPPING POINT’ IN HISTORY!! • Began on a large scale with the Industrial Revolution > • advanced economies of Europe and the United States when job opportunities opened up in factories in urban areas. • This process is now taking place in the developing economies of the world in South America, Africa, and Asia where industrialization is just now occurring. • Local Residential Shifts: • Suburbanization • neighborhood relocations • counterurbanization…

The decision to migrate is complex but can usually be conceptualized as the result

The decision to migrate is complex but can usually be conceptualized as the result of two factors:

Migrations can be classified into 5 types • Each type can then be classified

Migrations can be classified into 5 types • Each type can then be classified as either conservative or innovative. • An innovative move is one in which the migrant undertakes a new way of life. • A conservative move preserves an accustomed way of life in new surroundings. • 1. Primitive Migration: in response to environmental conditions; usually undertaken by people at low levels of development. • 2. Forced Migration: compulsory transfer of a group of people, usually by a government. • 3. Impelled/Imposed Migration: similar to Forced Migration but it differs in that migrants retain some ability to decide whether to move or not. • 4. Free/Voluntary Migration: individual movements for economic betterment. • 5. Mass Migration: large numbers, entire communities, moving en masse without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect.

Examples of Forced and Impelled • Forced – Basically - leave or die •

Examples of Forced and Impelled • Forced – Basically - leave or die • EX: relocation of Native Americans, Forced migration in Rwanda, Africa • Impelled Migration – Han Chinese into western China… • EX: Uighur Muslim women push their bicycles along a street in old Kashgar in China's far western Xinjiang Province on March 29, 2005. Five years into China's highly touted "Great Western Development Program, " the program has changed the face of Kashgar, largely due to a wave of Han Chinese migration.

FORCED MIGRATION/REFUGEE ISSUES > • A political/ethnic problem – • The global refugee problem

FORCED MIGRATION/REFUGEE ISSUES > • A political/ethnic problem – • The global refugee problem is increasing at a faster rate than world population; it is a massive, global crisis. • Darfur, Sudan > refugees in Chad >>>>>>>>>>> • Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia have the largest problems caused by ethnic/political conflicts and environmental crises. • Red Crescent Refugee Camp – Jordan (Iraqi girl) • he International Red Cross and Red Crescent (Muslim branch of the Red Cross) offer information and assistance to refugees as well. • Visit The United Nations Refugee Center for information about current efforts the world around to improve conditions for these people, some of whom are permanently displaced.

Barriers to migration • Migration is limited by a knowledge of opportunities in other

Barriers to migration • Migration is limited by a knowledge of opportunities in other places, i. e. , information. • Migration is limited by costs, both financial and emotional. It is difficult to leave one's home to try a completely new way of life. • Migration is limited by physical features such as wide rivers, high mountains, climate, etc… esp in developing world… • Migration is limited by political restrictions, e. g. , immigration policies • (US immigration laws were originally written to keep Asians from migrating through Mexico…. ) • Migration is limited by personal characteristics, e. g. , culture, age, gender, education, and economic status. Well-educated males, between the ages of 18 -34 who are affluent are MOST mobile; poorly educated females who are old and poor are the LEAST mobile.

IMMIGRATION TO THE USA the 1 st wave – W/N Europe…. • > 90%

IMMIGRATION TO THE USA the 1 st wave – W/N Europe…. • > 90% of immigrants between 1607 and 1840 were from Great Britain • � 1840’s to 1850’s immigrants came from North and Western Europe • � The industrial revolution had diffused to these countries, sending them into stage 2 of the DTM, jobs were available in the US. • Germany has sent the most European immigrants to the USA

IMMIGRATION TO THE USA > the 2 nd Peak • Immigration declined during the

IMMIGRATION TO THE USA > the 2 nd Peak • Immigration declined during the Civil War – too busy fighting w/each other… • 1870’s to 1890’s – most from Germany & Scandinavian countries • A. 1890’s to 1914 – most immigrants were from Russian, southern and eastern Europe. (this coincided with the diffusion of the Ind. Revolution) • B. 1914 – World War I –ended large scale migration for the time being • C. Migration from Asia, Latin America increased in 20 th century. • Mexican immigration has now surpassed German #

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https: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=l. OZmq. Iwqur 4