Migration Migration has had a significant impact on
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Migration • Migration has had a significant impact on geography It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures • It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication. • It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found in different regions of the world today. .
Observations of migration can be summarized into Laws of Migration (Ravenstein) • 1. Most migrants only go a short distance. • 2. Longer distance migration favors big-city destinations. Large cities are migrant magnets. • 3. Most migration proceeds step by step. • 4. Most migration is rural to urban. • 5. Each migration flow produces a counter flow. • 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. • 7. Most international migrants are young males. (This is now changing as women become more educated/mobile
Migration occurs at different scales: • >GLOBAL • Intercontinental Movements: from continent to continent • Motivated by *better economic conditions *changes in life cycles e. g. , moving at retirement to a warmer climate, getting married, having children)
• >REGIONAL • Intracontinental and Interregional Migrations: between countries and within countries. • flight from disastrous environmental or political conditions, e. g. , • refugees, Hong Kong Chinese moving to avoid China's take over
• LOCAL > Rural to Urban Migration: from the countryside (rural areas) to cities (urban areas). We are experiencing a ‘TIPPING POINT’ IN HISTORY!! • Began on a large scale with the Industrial Revolution > • advanced economies of Europe and the United States when job opportunities opened up in factories in urban areas. • This process is now taking place in the developing economies of the world in South America, Africa, and Asia where industrialization is just now occurring. • Local Residential Shifts: • Suburbanization • neighborhood relocations • counterurbanization…
The decision to migrate is complex but can usually be conceptualized as the result of two factors:
Migrations can be classified into 5 types • Each type can then be classified as either conservative or innovative. • An innovative move is one in which the migrant undertakes a new way of life. • A conservative move preserves an accustomed way of life in new surroundings. • 1. Primitive Migration: in response to environmental conditions; usually undertaken by people at low levels of development. • 2. Forced Migration: compulsory transfer of a group of people, usually by a government. • 3. Impelled/Imposed Migration: similar to Forced Migration but it differs in that migrants retain some ability to decide whether to move or not. • 4. Free/Voluntary Migration: individual movements for economic betterment. • 5. Mass Migration: large numbers, entire communities, moving en masse without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect.
Examples of Forced and Impelled • Forced – Basically - leave or die • EX: relocation of Native Americans, Forced migration in Rwanda, Africa • Impelled Migration – Han Chinese into western China… • EX: Uighur Muslim women push their bicycles along a street in old Kashgar in China's far western Xinjiang Province on March 29, 2005. Five years into China's highly touted "Great Western Development Program, " the program has changed the face of Kashgar, largely due to a wave of Han Chinese migration.
FORCED MIGRATION/REFUGEE ISSUES > • A political/ethnic problem – • The global refugee problem is increasing at a faster rate than world population; it is a massive, global crisis. • Darfur, Sudan > refugees in Chad >>>>>>>>>>> • Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia have the largest problems caused by ethnic/political conflicts and environmental crises. • Red Crescent Refugee Camp – Jordan (Iraqi girl) • he International Red Cross and Red Crescent (Muslim branch of the Red Cross) offer information and assistance to refugees as well. • Visit The United Nations Refugee Center for information about current efforts the world around to improve conditions for these people, some of whom are permanently displaced.
Barriers to migration • Migration is limited by a knowledge of opportunities in other places, i. e. , information. • Migration is limited by costs, both financial and emotional. It is difficult to leave one's home to try a completely new way of life. • Migration is limited by physical features such as wide rivers, high mountains, climate, etc… esp in developing world… • Migration is limited by political restrictions, e. g. , immigration policies • (US immigration laws were originally written to keep Asians from migrating through Mexico…. ) • Migration is limited by personal characteristics, e. g. , culture, age, gender, education, and economic status. Well-educated males, between the ages of 18 -34 who are affluent are MOST mobile; poorly educated females who are old and poor are the LEAST mobile.
IMMIGRATION TO THE USA the 1 st wave – W/N Europe…. • > 90% of immigrants between 1607 and 1840 were from Great Britain • � 1840’s to 1850’s immigrants came from North and Western Europe • � The industrial revolution had diffused to these countries, sending them into stage 2 of the DTM, jobs were available in the US. • Germany has sent the most European immigrants to the USA
IMMIGRATION TO THE USA > the 2 nd Peak • Immigration declined during the Civil War – too busy fighting w/each other… • 1870’s to 1890’s – most from Germany & Scandinavian countries • A. 1890’s to 1914 – most immigrants were from Russian, southern and eastern Europe. (this coincided with the diffusion of the Ind. Revolution) • B. 1914 – World War I –ended large scale migration for the time being • C. Migration from Asia, Latin America increased in 20 th century. • Mexican immigration has now surpassed German #
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