Migration Learning Objectives Describe and explain the different

Migration Learning Objectives: • Describe and explain the different types of migration • To describe and understand the causes and effects of the migration

What is Migration? Migration can be defined as… the movement of population from one area to another It can involve a permanent or temporary movement It can be voluntary or as in the case of refugees forced The UN defines migration as “a change of residence lasting more than one year”.

Different types of migration Migration The movement of people from one place to another. Forced migration Migrant has to move because of intolerable circumstances or a genuine fear for their life. International migration Movement of people across national frontiers for a minimum of 1 year. Rural-urban migration Movement of people between the countryside and the city – Rural-Urban in LEDCs and Urban-Rural in MEDCs. Voluntary migration Migrant has chosen to migrate – usually for economic reasons. Temporary migration Migrant has migrated but does not intend to remain in their new location permanently. Permanent migration Migrant does not plan on returning to their own country. Internal migration Migrant has moved location within their own country.

Why do some people choose to leave their homeland? How does this link to geography? This family has just arrived in a new country. Why do you think they might have chosen to leave their homeland? There are people like them all over the world Spider diagram as many different reasons as you can think of Now prioritise… Do all of these reasons mean they should be allowed to stay in the country? Do you think this is a problem or an opportunity?

Why do people choose to migrate? For every potential migrant, their home will have positive and negative factors which influence their decision. The destination they wish to migrate to will also have a variety of positive and negative factors to influence them. These are called push and pull factors.

What are push and pull factors? Draw a table, as below, and include some push and pull factors Push factors Pull Factors

Push and Pull Factors

What are their motives for moving? Physical, social, economic or political? By asking these questions, we build a better picture of the migrant. Migration: Voluntary or forced: For example, Turkish migrants They chose to to West go-voluntary. Germany. Temporary or permanent: Many are permanent, some return home. National or international: Economic, environmental, socio-cultural or political: International. They went to get jobs therefore economic.

Using the table below, classify the following list of push and pull factors into groups according to whether they’re physical, social, economic or political. Reasons for Migrating 1. declining neighbourhood 2. to down-size home 3. hazard-free environment 4. high living standards 5. lower population densities 6. chances of upward mobility 7. marriage 8. freedom of speech 9. inaccessibility 10. heavy taxes 11. political asylum 12. natural disaster 13. planning law 14. ethnic cleansing 15. poverty 16. harsh climate 17. divorce 18. scenic quality 19. cheap land 20. civil unrest 21. unemployment 22. family or ethnic ties 23. good wages/salary 24. children leaving home 25. promotion at work 26. good welfare services 27. personal safety and security

Case Study Impacts of migration on population structure

Question Matrix What? Event Where? Place When? Time Which? Choice Is/Does? Present Has/Did? Past Can? Possibility Should? Opinion Would /Could? Probability Will? Prediction Might? Imagination Why would anybody emigrate from this beautiful island? Task 1: In pairs write down 5 reasons why anybody would emigrate from this island. Extension: Place Image Which age group is most likely to. Here emigrate from the island? Why do you think this. Who? Person Why? Reason How? Meaning For example ‘What might we be thinking about today?

Example: Barra in the Outer Hebrides Barra, an island in the Outer Hebrides (Scotland), has long experienced depopulation as a result of the poor economic prospects in this remote location. Why would young people aged 20 -34 choose to leave this remote island? Task 1: Describe the population pyramid for Barra. Remember this is one of the graphical skills which could be examined in unit 2. Extension: How has migration affected the population structure. How do you think the population pyramid may have changed over time?

Population pyramid Barra How has migration affected the population pyramid of Barra? Weren’t many people born in these years? Task 1: Describe the population pyramid for Barra. Remember this is one of the graphical skills which could be examined in unit 2. Are there more girls or boys? Extension: How has migration affected the population structure. How do you think the population pyramid may have changed over time?

1. 3 Drivers of change in population “The key drivers of population change are the limited job opportunities available in the Outer Hebrides; and particularly the lack of skilled jobs with progression opportunities, and the limited range of training and education opportunities. Coupled with this is a continued expectation that young people need to leave the islands to pursue education and job opportunities on the mainland. The limited opportunities for women have been widely identified as contributing to the gender imbalance in the population. The unique nature of the Outer Hebrides housing market makes it difficult for young people to access affordable housing. This may also be a contributing factor in population decline as young people leave to become independent. The strong sense of community that attracts many people to the Outer Hebrides can also be viewed as ‘suffocating and excluding’ by some; particularly by individuals who consider themselves to be different. This issue can be a factor in contributing to out-migration. The general confidence and optimism of the community is also seen as a factor influencing out-migration. The role of public agencies and the island media in promoting a pessimistic outlook has fuelled an almost exclusively negative portrayal of the Outer Hebrides in the national media”. Why would anybody migrate from this beautiful island? Outer Hebrides Migration Study Final Report

What problems will this cause? a. This will lead to an ageing population in certain areas. b. Lack of services as there is little demand for them. c. Loss of skilled labour force. d. Shortage of workers. e. Put pressure on resources in other areas. f. Feeling of isolation for some people who remain. g. Decrease in birth rate. h. Males more likely to migrate causing indentation in pyramid. i. Cycle of decline e. g. lack of investment so less money generated. Most significant problem Task 1: Read the 9 statements about the impacts of depopulation on the isle of Barra and assess the significance of them: 1 is the most significant impact. 9 is the least significant impact. Extension task: For the statement you have put as number 1 explain why you think this is. For the statement you have put as number 9 explain why you think this is the least significant. Least significant problem

Writing your own exam questions Command word Marks available From what you have learnt today you are to write your own exam questions. You are each to select a red paper and a blue paper The red ball provides you with a command word (think about what this means). The blue ball identifies the amount of marks available (the more marks the more skill the question will require).

Question Matrix Is/Does? Present Has/Did? Past Can? Possibility Should? Opinion Would /Could? Probability What? Event Where? Place When? Time Which? Choice Who? Person Why? Reason How? Meaning Place Image Here Will? Prediction Might? Imagination