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TOPIC #8: The Emergence (beginning or birth) of Islam - Mecca OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT – Use pages 31 - 32: 1. Who are nomads? (2) 2. The social structure of the Arab people has always been based on the __________ and the _________ ; and men were chosen for their ________ and _______ to lead each group. (4) 3. How did tribes work together? (3) 4. What is a social class having privileges or considered superior called? (1) 5. What did camels represent? (2) 6. Explain how Bedouins benefited from trade routes along the Red Sea coast of Arabia. (2)

TOPIC #8: The Emergence (beginning or birth) of Islam - Mecca OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT – Use pages 31 - 32: 7. What is Zamzam and why was it so important to Mecca? (2) 8. Are pagans polytheistic or monotheistic? Explain your answer. (3) 9. Mecca was a _____ town and a place where religious ______ were held. Many of the Meccans earned their _____ from pilgrimages and trading. Many Arabs were _______ and there were strong communities of Jews. (4)

TOPIC #8: The Emergence (beginning or birth) of Islam - Mecca OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS: 1. Nomads: (2) • People who are continually on the move with their sheep, goats and camels looking for grazing land. 2. The social structure of the Arab people has always been based on the family tribe ____ and the ____ ; and men were chosen wisdom skills in the desert for their ________ and __________ to lead each group. (4) 3. Tribes worked together: (3) • They provided kinship • Protection for women and children • Protection for the old and weak

TOPIC #8: The Emergence (beginning or birth) of Islam - Mecca OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS: 4. Social class having privileges or considered superior: (1) • Aristocracy 5. Camels represent: (2) • Mobility and wealth 6. Bedouins benefited from trade routes along the Red Sea coast of Arabia: (2) • They lead camel trains and established resting places for trading caravans.

TOPIC #8: The Emergence (beginning or birth) of Islam - Mecca OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS: 7. Zamzam and its importance to Mecca: (2) • It is a well. • It was the only source of water for Mecca. 8. Pagans: (3) • Pagans are polytheistic. They believe in several Gods, which is the opposite to monotheism. trading ceremonies 9. Mecca was a _____ town and a place where religious ______ were income held. Many of the Meccans earned their _____ from pilgrimages and Christians trading. Many Arabs were ______ and there were strong communities of Jews. (4)

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. Match the following names to their description. (7) p. 33 Mohammed(P) Quraish Bani Hashim Amina Abu Talib Khadija Abdullah ________ 1. He was Mohammed’s(P) uncle. ________ 2. She was a wealthy Meccan woman who made an offer of marriage to Mohammed(P). ________ 3. The most important tribe that controlled the city of Mecca. ________ 4. He was known as “Al-Amin”, the faithful one and “Al-Sadiq”, the truthful one. ________ 5. Mohammed’s(P) mother who sent him to the Bani Saad tribe as a baby to be nursed. ________ 6. One of the tribes of Mecca in charge of the Ka’ba. ________ 7. He was Mohammed’s(P) father.

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. Match the following names to their description. (7) Mohammed(P) Quraish Bani Hashim Amina Abu Talib Khadija Abdullah Abu Talib ________ 1. He was Mohammed’s(P) uncle. Khadija ________ 2. She was a wealthy Meccan woman who made an offer of marriage to Mohammed(P). Quraish ________ 3. The most important tribe that controlled the city of Mecca. Mohammed(P) ________ 4. He was known as “Al-Amin”, the faithful one and “Al-Sadiq”, the truthful one. Amina ________ 5. Mohammed’s(P) mother who sent him to the Bani Saad tribe as a baby to be nursed. Bani Hashem ________ 6. One of the tribes of Mecca in charge of the Ka’ba. Abdullah ________ 7. He was Mohammed’s(P) father.

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. What concerns did Mohammed(P) have in Mecca before Islam? (4) p. 33 2. What did Mohammed(P) do in his spare (extra) time? (2) p. 33

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS: 1. Concerns Mohammed (P) developed: (4) • Decline in morals (honesty), greed, selfishness, ill-treatment of women and girls, drunkenness, gambling and lack of religion 2. Mohammed ‘s(P) spare (extra) time: (2) • Meditating in the Hira Cave and the mountains surrounding Mecca.

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 3. Fill in this paragraph which describes how Mohammed(P) received the message of Islam. Use these names and page 34 to help you: (12) Allah Gabriel Islam Judgment Day Allah Prophet God Ramadan Revelation Night of Power 610 Angel _______ was sent by ____ in the year ____ AD during the Holy month of _____ to Mohammed (P). He gave Mohammed (P) the first ______ about _____. The night was later called, _______. The first Revelation said - there is ONE ______ called ____ Mohammed (P) is the last ____ of Allah. Mankind will be held accountable before ______ on ____________.

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS: Gabriel Allah 610 Angel _______ was sent by ______ in the year ____ AD during the Holy month Ramadan of _____ to Mohammed (P). He gave Mohammed (P) the first _____ Revelation Islam. Night of Power. about _______ The night was later called, _______ God Allah. The first Revelation said - there is ONE ______ called ____ Mohammed (P) is Prophet Allah the last ____ of Allah. Mankind will be held accountable before ______ on Judgement Day. ________

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 4. What does Islam mean? (2) p. 35 5. What does Muslim mean? (2) p. 35 6. Match the following names with their description. Use page 35. (5) Abu Bakr Ali As Hab Muhajirin Ansars ________1. Followers or companions of the first Muslims. ________ 2. People of Madina who helped Muslims settle there. ________ 3. Mohammed’s (P) cousin and son-in-law ________ 4. Exiles (outcasts) who moved to Madina ________ 5. Mohammed’s (P) friend and first convert to Islam.

TOPIC #11: The Emergence of Islam – Prophet’s Mission OBJECTIVE: 9. Explain how Islam was started. KD ANSWERS 4. Islam – Submission (surrender) to the will (force) of Allah 5. Muslim – one who has submitted to Allah’s will 6. Match the following names Abu Bakr Ali As Hab Muhajirin Ansars As Hab ________1. Followers or companions of the first Muslims. Ansars ________ 2. People of Madina who helped Muslims settle there. Ali ________ 3. Mohammed’s (P) cousin and son-in-law Muhajirin ________ 4. Exiles (outcasts) who moved to Madina Abu Bakr ________ 5. Mohammed’s (P) friend and first convert to Islam.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. Why was pearling important to Kuwait? 2. What happened in the 1930 s to harm Kuwait’s trade in pearls? 3. Why was there a worldwide drop in demand for pearls? 4. How many pearling boats were there in Kuwait before World War II? 5. How many men were needed to work these boats? 6. What is the general term for pearl fishery?

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 7. What is the name given to people who took part in pearling? 8. Where did the Kuwaiti boats work? 9. How deep was the water? 10. When did the boats leave for the fisheries? 11. Did they stay in one spot all the time? Explain. 12. How did they get food and provisions?

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 1. Pearling was important to Kuwait: • A main occupation that was very important to the economy of Kuwait. It was a lucrative (profitable) business. 2. 1930 s - harm to Kuwait’s trade in pearls: • Devastated by the introduction of the cultured pearl by the Japanese. 3. Worldwide drop in demand for pearls: • There was an economic depression in the 1930 s. 4. Pearling boats in Kuwait before World War II : • As many as 700 5. Men needed to work these boats: • 10, 000 to 15, 000 6. General term for pearl fishery: • Ghaus

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 7. Name given to people who took part in pearling: • They were called ghawawis. 8. Where Kuwaiti boats worked: • Traditionally worked in an area 100 miles south of Kuwait 9. Deep water: • The depth of the water was around 12 metres.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 10. Boats leave for the fisheries: • June 11. One spot all the time or movement: • They might anchor for the entire season at one pearl bank or move from bank to bank depending on the particular strategy of each captain. 12. Getting food and provisions: • Short trips were made ashore for drinking water, rice, dates, tea, coffee and tobacco.

Year 8 Social Studies – The Islamic World DATE: February 9, 2015 TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. REVIEW: Early pearling in Kuwait - discuss.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 13. Describe the average crew of a pearling vessel? 14. Describe a diver’s day from breakfast to night-time. 15. Describe how the diver worked (mention information about nose, ears, diving and fingers). 16. What was the main comfort for the crew? 17. When were the oysters opened?

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 13. Average crew of a pearling vessel: • Was 18 -20 men: 8 divers, 10 haulers (siyub) and a young apprentice boy, who fished, cooked, cleaned and made coffee and tea. 14. Diver’s day - from breakfast to night-time: • Diving commenced one hour after sunrise, after the divers had a light breakfast of dates. The divers worked until one hour before sunset except for prayers, coffee or tea and a short rest at midday. • • Diving - one hour after sunrise Light breakfast of dates Worked until one hour before sunset. Took breaks for prayers, coffee or tea and a short rest at midday.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 15. Diver worked (mention information about nose, ears, diving and fingers): • His nose was pegged with clips of turtle shell or wood and ears plugged with wax. • He was dropped to the bottom with the aid of a stone attached to his foot. This was pulled up later by his attendant hauler on board ship. • His fingers were protected by leather caps. • The diver quickly filled an attached basket with as many shells as possible while his breath lasted, signaling by a tug on his rope that he needed to be hauled to the surface. • Upon reaching the surface, his basket was emptied into the communal heap on deck and he descended into the deep again.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 16. Main comfort for the crew: • Singing was the main source of comfort for the crew, helping them to bear the rigours of life on board, compounded by long and painful separation from their families. 17. Oysters opened: • The pile of oysters were not opened until the following morning under the watchful eye of the captain.

The haulers and divers worked closely together, each relying on the expertise of the other. A successful crew could earn enough money to get them through the winter months.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 18. What signaled the end of the pearl season? 19. When did the pearling season finish? 20. How were the profits distributed?

Pearl divers kept up their spirits up during long and hazardous voyage with group singing and drumming.

TOPIC #12 a: Kuwait’s Past - The Sea and Pearl Diving OBJECTIVES: 10 a. Understand the importance of Pearl Diving to Kuwait’s history. and 10 b. Describe the Pearl Divers experience. KD ANSWERS: 18. Signaled the end of the pearl season: • The Sheikh’s arrival on the pearl banks 19. Pearling season finished: • September 20. Profits distributed: • After the pearls were sold, the profits were distributed among the crew, ship’s owners and financiers. Expenses were paid back before distribution of profits.

Pearl divers plunged to depths of 12 - 15 metres, tied with a rope to a hauler on board the Pearling dhow. They often held their breath for up to three minutes, and sometimes even longer.

Divers took their catch very seriously and were often in competition with other divers. After being hauled to the surface, divers were anxious to ‘catch their breath’ and check the quality of their oysters.

Year 8 Social Studies – The Islamic World DATE: February 15, 2015 TOPIC #12 b: Kuwait’s Past - The Asrar Al Qabandi Story KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: Read the story and discuss.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Many Kuwaitis consider women to have been the backbone of the Resistance. Among their valuable services were carrying weapons and forging papers, as well as providing many of the organizational skills required to run a complex campaign. At first, the Iraqis tended to treat Kuwaiti women driving alone with respect and restraint. Most of the troops had obviously been given orders to behave with women. Recognizing this, the Kuwaiti women played the Iraqis for all they were worth by carrying concealed weapons and ammunition through checkpoints where men would have been searched. It was an incredibly dangerous task requiring great courage, for they were completely on their own if the Iraqis discovered their cargo. A number of young women stood out for their courage, including Wafa al`Amir, Khalud al-Khamis, Amy Burhan, and Asrar al-Qabandi. Wafa, a 23 -year -old radiographer, took part in the bombing of the Kuwait International Hotel and at least two other bombings, including restaurants catering to Iraqi soldiers in the Kheitan and Hasawi areas. She also provided many Kuwaitis with false identification cards. Eventually, she was captured and killed.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Asrar al-Qabandi was the great heroine of the Resistance. Indeed, mention the name Asrar in Kuwait today and every Kuwaiti will know whom you mean. Hailed as Kuwait's Joan of Arc, the comparison is not overstated. At thirty years of age, Asrar was a woman years ahead of her time. Although from a typical, conservative middle-class Kuwaiti family, she had studied in the United States, preferred jeans and t-shirts to traditional dress, sported large spectacles, and had an American accent and habits. She exuded drive and confidence; life was too short for all she had to do. Naturally headstrong, she was absolutely convinced that her way of doing things was right. With a fiery temper and sharp tongue, she had no time for fools, shirkers, or churls. She was a five-foot powerhouse of energy, stoutly built, with a feisty sense of humor and an utter contempt for the Iraqis. This last quality was to lead to her capture in early November, and to a terrible death.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Asrar al-Qabandi

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Her first mission in early August, with her friend, Hind al-Bahar, had been to find a secure haven for members of the ruling Sabah family and to get fifteen Sabah children--prime targets for the Iraqis--out of the country. In this effort, Asrar's group teamed up with Hashim Behbehani, the distinguished political science lecturer at Kuwait University. Asrar's subsequent activities included forging driver's licenses for Kuwaitis, Americans, and British in hiding (to identify them as safe nationalities), forging car registration books, supporting Kuwaitis and Westerners in her immediate area, setting up safe houses, and assisting the Bahraini ambassador in issuing passports to Kuwaitis who were particularly vulnerable to the Iraqis. She and others arranged for the distribution of tens of thousands of Iraqi dinars of smuggled Kuwaiti government money to Westerners in hiding through other Westerners who were free to move around. On one occasion, using her dark skin to her advantage, she disguised herself in a sari as an Indian and smuggled vital data on computer disks out of a ministry building.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN When orders came from Ta'if for the Resistance to cease military operations in urban Kuwait because the Iraqi reprisals were killing too many Kuwaitis, she and a friend scouted targets in Basra for car bomb attacks in Iraq itself. She also organized interviews using the satellite phone with American, British, and French television networks to keep Kuwait in the public focus. The young woman seemed to be everywhere, with an unshakable belief that Kuwait would be liberated. Her motto, and that of the Resistance as a whole, became "Allah, al-watan, al-Amir!" (God, the country, the Amir). A video survives of her spray-painting this on a wall. Asrar's Achilles' heel was that she felt the Iraqis were too stupid to catch her. She was so contemptuous of them that she seemed oblivious to the risks she was taking. Her one concession to security was to assume the false identity of Sarah Mubarak, named after her paternal grandfather, and arrange a cover story with her father that she had left home two years earlier.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN In late October, Asrar left Kuwait for Saudi Arabia through the Nuwaisib border post, which the Iraqis had opened to Kuwaiti women, children, and older men in mid-September. She stayed overnight at Khafji with her brother Bassam. The plan at the time was for her to travel to Ta'if, then to the United States to testify before Congress. However, from the hotel balcony in Khafji, Asrar could see the lights of Kuwait just across the border. She decided to return, even though she suspected that the Iraqis by now knew both her real name and her false identity. Bassam pleaded with her not to go, saying she had done more than her fair share already. She would not hear of it. It was the last time he saw her. Asrar found a lift back into Kuwait on a pick-up that was smuggling money concealed in the vehicle's bodywork. The driver knew the desert and travelled quickly, outwitting the Iraqi defensive line along the border. Within hours, Asrar's brother Adnan in Ta'if got a call from her saying: "Guess where I am? " He thought she was in Riyadh or even the United States, but she laughed, saying, "No, back in Kuwait!"

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Asrar's luck ran out in the first week of November. The capture of several leading members of the Resistance convinced her that her false identity had been compromised, so she went on November 4 to her uncle `Abdullah to pick up identification papers of his daughter, who was about her age. Some time thereafter, Asrar was stopped at an Iraqi roadblock and arrested. That night, as the curfew fell at 11: 00 p. m. , twenty mukhabarat men raided her family home and arrested her father, uncle, and brother. Desperate efforts to get Asrar released failed, for the Iraqis had apparently learned the full extent of her activities by torturing a captured colleague. Asrar's father was questioned in front of her but stuck to his story of not having seen his daughter for two years. When the Iraqis played a tape of a telephone conversation between the two of them, Mohammed understood that they knew almost everything and that his daughter was likely to die. At one point the Iraqis beat Asrar in front of him, throwing her between two large men. When they threatened to rape her in front of him, she jumped up, spitting at them, yelling that they were not men enough to do so. In the end, the Iraqis tired of this game, for Asrar had told her father little of her activities, and he along with Asrar's brother and uncle were bribed out of custody on December 29.

Kuwaiti Resistance of the Iraqi Occupation: ROLE OF KUWAITI WOMEN Scattered details of Asrar's captivity are known. She was chained to a desk for at least the first seventeen days, not even allowed to use the toilet. She was then moved into a room with other girls, where they were allowed to use the toilet and sleep on the floor with thin blankets. The beatings lessened when the Iraqis began having the women cook for them and wash their clothes. Asrar eventually earned the respect of her captors, and used this to bargain for warm clothes for the prisoners. Asrar was murdered on January 13 or 14, just a day or two before the air war began, shot with four bullets to the chest and one to the head. Her head was then sliced in two with an axe, and her body was dumped outside her family's abandoned home, still dressed in the jeans and button-down shirt in which she had been captured. Her face was unrecognizable, and in her pocket was a bloodstained folded page with handwritten Koranic verses and her trademark spectacles. As a final insult to the family, the Iraqis required that a death certificate be obtained from the local police station before allowing burial, on which they listed the place of death as a hospital rather than a torture center. Asrar Al-Qabandi ﺃﺴﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻨﺪﻱ