Middle Ages Europe THE RISE OF NATIONSTATES Rise

Middle Ages: Europe THE RISE OF NATION-STATES

Rise of Nation States Background: European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. � Nation-states are large groups of people who are ruled by one central government, who share a common language and who feel a sense of loyalty to the group.

England 1. William the Conqueror – leader of the Norman Conquest � united most of England after the Battle of Hastings 2. Common Law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II

England 3. King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215 which limited the King’s power, gave more power to nobles: **Parliament** 4. The Hundred Years War between England France helped define England as a nation.

France 1. Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. 2. The Hundred Years War between England France helped define France as a nation.

France 3. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor � God told her kick the English out � Won at Orleans – huge turning point � Captured, condemned as a witch and a heretic � Burned at the stake 1431

Spain 1. Ferdinand & Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors during a time called the Reconquista 2. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Phillip II

Russia 1. Ivan the Great – �Threw off the rule of the Mongols �Centralized power in Moscow �Expanded the Russian nation

Russia 2. Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. The tsar was the head political figure in Russia who controlled the region. (like a king!) 3. The Orthodox Church influenced unification

The Crusades Background: The Crusades were carried out by Christian political & religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Economic Causes � Younger sons looking for land the ability to increase social status � Merchants made $ by making loans and leasing ships � Increase trade with Muslim traders

Religious Causes � Crusaders were guaranteed a place in Heaven � Reclaim Holy Land for Christianity

Pope Urban II • The pope promised remission of sins: “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. ” (Council of Clermont- 1095)

st 1 Crusade � Recaptured Jerusalem 1099 � Established the Crusader states: �Jerusalem �Edessa �Tripoli �Antioch

Crusades � 2 nd: 1147 - Edessa was attacked by Muslims � 3 rd: 1187 - Saladin retakes Jerusalem �King Richard the Lion-Hearted vs. Saladin =truce � 4 th: 1204 - Sack of Constantinople

Effects of the Crusades 1. Weakened the Pope; strengthened Monarchs 2. Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East 3. Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims 4. Weakened the Byzantine Empire

The Black Death: Background: In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague) destroyed the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.

Symptoms • Buboes (Bubonic Plague) of groin, neck , arms oozed and bled • Fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. • 80% died within first week of contracting the disease.

Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe 1. Decline in population – 1/3 of Europe died 2. Scarcity of Labor – not enough people to work , farms abandoned 3. Towns freed from feudal obligations – feudalism breaking down �Serfs left manors in search of better wages

Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe 4. Decline of church influence – prayers failed to stop the plague �Priests wouldn’t perform services for those who were dying 5. Disruption of trade – declined as prices rose, less people willing to travel