Middle Ages Europe Religion dominated medieval society n

Middle Ages Europe Religion dominated medieval society n Church was supreme to the state n Church was greatest patron of art and literature n Medieval art focused on the church and salvation n

Middle Ages Europe Feudalism- decline of Roman Empire, invasions, order to chaos n Exchange of land work for protection n Agricultural Economy n Trade and manufacturing n

The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C. E. n Cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.

The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C. E. w w Late 700 s, Germanic Lombards invasion of Italy Pope asked for help from the Franks, Pope crowned the Frankish king, Charlemagne, as the new Roman Emperor Roman Catholic w Pope w celibate w Latin w Rome w icons Eastern Orthodox w Patriarch w married w Greek w Constantinople w No icons, pix only

Crusades n n n Crusades- series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem). The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to Middle Eastern products. Trade encouraged the use of usury (charging interest) and new bookkeeping practices (Arabic numerals). Constantinople video

Hundred Years’ War 1337 -1453 n Fought between France and England over land hereditary rights. n Conflict helped to establish France & England as nation-states. n Professional armies n

Great (Western) Schism Part Deux 1378 -1417 Conflicts between kings and popes common n Pope moved to Avignon, France n New pope moved back, harsh, disliked, excommunicated n Two popes n Council of Constantine n

Boccaccio's The Decameron n Not such were they as in the East, where an issue of blood from the nose was a manifest sign of inevitable death; but in men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or the armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg, some more, some less, which the common folk called gavoccioli. From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous.

Black Death n n n In the 14 th century (1347), the Bubonic plague decimated the European and Asian populations. unhealthy and unsanitary conditions Results: decline in population, scarcity (limited) of labor, feudalism weakened, economy and trade disrupted, and Church influence declined. Peasant revolts in England, France, Belgium, Italy- demand for higher wages video

The Renaissance New intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world (new ideas, innovations, and exploration).

Rise of Italian city-states Much of Europe rural, urban centers in N. Italy, by late 1300’s some cities 100, 000 n Independent city-states governed by wealthy merchant oligarchies n Wealthy merchant families dominated northern Italian cities n

Italian City-States n n Wealth from trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian citystates. The Italian Renaissance originated in Florence, Venice, and Genoa. Why? n n n 1. They had access to trade routes between Europe and the Middle East 2. Served as centers to distribute (trade) goods to Northern Europe 3. They were initially independent citystates (republics)

Quattrocento (15 th century) Florence became center of Renaissance n Wealth based on textile merchants and bankers n Medici family dominated Florence during 15 th century n Art shed medieval style, more classical n n Masaccio’s Tribute Money

Medici Family n n Wealthy merchants became patrons of the arts, helping artists to pay for their works of art. The Medici family of Florence was the most famous of wealthy patrons. Cosimo and Lorenzo Libraries, churches, art commissions Italian education & society became increasingly secular. Less emphasis on salvation, more on present.

Italian Renaissance & Humanism n n n “Rebirth” or revival of Classical learning and civic humanism, “birth” of the modern world Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals, worldly matters, and Christianity. Humanism- intellectual movement that: n n n Celebrated the individual Stimulated the study of Greek & Roman literature and culture Was supported by wealthy patrons- display wealth, power, fame

Virtu n Renaissance artists- individualism, fame, excellence n Medieval artists- glory of God, not personal fame n Secularism: a break from dependence on the RCC n

Francesco Petrarca “Father of Humanism” n Petrarch n n Study original classical texts understand human nature “Dark Ages” Wrote love sonnets “Letters”

Important Writers Boccaccio, The Decameron, prose tales, good description of 14 th century life n Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, ideal courtier: charming, witty, graceful, dance, poetry, music. Women: educated, but inspire art not create it n Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, celebrated human potential for greatness n

Niccolo Machiavelli 1469 -1527 Renaissance political philosopher n Observed city-states rulers and created guidelines for obtaining and maintaining absolute power n Pessimistic view of man, believed people ungrateful & untrustworthy n Urged rulers to study war, be ruthless and pragmatic n

Machiavelli’s The Prince 1513 n Early modern treatise on government that supports: n n n absolute power of the ruler “the end justifies the means” one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary

Architecture n n n Less Gothic, more classical, domes, arches, columns Leon Battista Alberti Filippo Brunelleschi

Sculpture- classical, nude n Pyramid configuration n Perspective- illusion of depth n Classical forms & Christian subjects n Reject hierarchical scaling n

th 16 Cinquecentocentury High Renaissance in Rome Chiaroscuro- blending of light and dark = volume, depth n da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael n Late Renaissance Mannerismunnaturalistic n

Compared to Medieval

Compared to Medieval

Transition from Medieval Art

Renaissance Art n Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa & The Last Supper

n Michelangelo- statue of David & ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel

Renaissance spreads to Northern Europe

Northern Renaissance n n n With the rise of trade, travel, and literacy, the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe. The art and literature changed as people of different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas. Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.

Different from Italian Renaissance… n n Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art……. . but, Italian influence was strong. The differences between the two cultures: n n n Italy humanism, emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. Northern Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

N. Ren. Art n n n n Oil painting, reality, details Everyday objects = disguised symbols Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding Dog = fidelity Discarded shoes = religious ceremony Bare feet helps fertility Marriage license

N. Ren. Art n Albrecht Durer n n n Absorbed Italian Renaissance ideas Woodcuts, selfportraits Hans Holbein the Younger n Realism

Northern Renaissance Writers n Desiderius Erasmus 1466 -1536 n n Dutch Christian Humanist In Praise of Folly (1511) – a satire of greedy merchants and church corruption Wrote in Latin as opposed to vernacular Reform church, not destroy it

Northern Renaissance Writers Sir Thomas More (1478 -1535) n English Humanist n n n Utopia (1516) (meaning nowhere)- depiction of a perfect ideal society Religious toleration, humanist education, communal property

Renaissance Writers n William Shakespeare n n English poet and playwright Wrote sonnets, plays, & essays

More Northern Renaissance Writers! Michel de Montaigne- French, essay as literary genre, Essais, skepticism, anecdotes n Francois Rabelais- French, Gargantua and Pantagruel, condemned church corruption n Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish, Don Quixote, first modern novel n

Spread of ideas Johannes Gutenberg invented the moveable type printing press, Bible 1456 n Gutenberg’s printing press helped to: n n Increase literacy and the production and sale of books disseminate Renaissance & Reformation ideas Difficult to suppress dissention

Decline of Italian city-states n Economic decline n n Loss of most Asian trade routes textile competition from NW Europe Rise of Atlantic economy Political problems n n Quarreling city-states Foreign invasion (France, Spain)

Women in the Renaissance n n n Querelle des femmes- debate about women, nature, role in society Castiglione’s Courtier - perfect court lady should be educated, talented in arts but not active in politics or art, attractive “ornament” Christine de Pizan- First Feminist, wrote history of famous women to refute myths, The City of Ladies

Isabella D’Este- most famous Renaissance woman, art patron n Her life illustrated that the most acceptable role for a well-educated woman was to become a patron of the arts n n 1536 Titian n Literacy increased

Caterina Sforza

Isabella I

Mary Tudor

Elizabeth I

Catherine de Medici

2004 AP Euro Exam FRQ n Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least THREE specific works to support your analysis.

Botticelli, Pallas and the Centaur

Titian, Allegory of Prudence

Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding

Donatello, Mary Magdalene

Michelangelo, La Pieta

da Vinci, flying machine drawings

Masaccio, Madonna and Child with Angels

Bruegel, Netherlandish Proverbs

Durer, Erasmus of Rotterdam

Holbein, The Ambassadors

Raphael, Madonna del Baldacchino