Microwave Applications Missile Seekers Radars 1 Contents 1

Microwave Applications Missile Seekers & Radars 1

Contents 1. Missile Guidance 2. Semi-Active Seeker 3. Anti-Radiation Seeker 4. Active Radar Seeker 5. PESA Seeker 6. PESA Radar 7. AESA Radar 8. Automotive Radar 9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar 2

1. Missile Guidance • Missile Guidance Operational Sequence 3

1. Missile Guidance • Missile Guidance Sensor 4

2. Semi-Active Seeker • Concept - A separate target radar illuminates the target - A passive radar receiver detects the signal reflected from the target. - Most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft missile - Monopulse tracking Sum beam Azimuth difference beam Elevation difference beam - Example Hughes AIM-4 Falcon 5

2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head - X-band, 40 cm diameter, dual-polarized - V-pol. : microstrip-fed slotted waveguide array - H-pol. : microstrip dipole array - Monopulse feed network 6

2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head 7

2. Semi-Active Seeker • AIM-4 Falcon Semi-Active Radar Homing Head - Specifications Frequency 9. 75 -10. 05 GHz CW & pulsed, 0. 76μs, 20 -400 k. Hz Receiver bandwidth: narrow band 4 k. Hz/10 k. Hz, wideband 56 k. Hz, very wideband 923 k. Hz Coherent processing interval: for data collection 50 ms, for auto-track 0. 5 -16 ms Channel-to-channel tracking accuracy: gain 0. 5 d. B(1σ), phase 3. 0º rms Absolute amplitude error: < ± 1. 0 d. B Gimbal limits: ± 50º pitch, ± 40º yaw Angle accuracy: < 1. 0 mrad (0. 057º) 8

3. Anti-Radiation Seeker • Avtomatika L-112 E anti-radiation seeker - Gimballed multiple baseline interferometer - Seven wideband hemispherical spiral antennas - 36 cm diameter, 107 cm length 9

4. Active Radar Seeker • Platforms - Missile diameter: 150 -400 mm - Missile Types: air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-surface • Capabilities - Target detection - Lock on: at ranges up to 70 km - Automatic tracking - LOS rate measurement for missile guidance - Anti-jamming 10

4. Active Radar Seeker • Technology Components - Stabilization by a gimbal - Radome - Antenna & mechanical scanner - Transmitter & receiver - Power supply - Signal processor - Computer - Interface 11

4. Active Radar Seeker • Active radar seeker: block diagram 12

4. Active Radar Seeker • Example - Moscow Agat Research Institute, 9 B-1103 M - Thin flat-plate slotted waveguide antenna, 350 mm diameter 13

4. Active Radar Seeker • Phazotron PSM-E Ka-band active radar seeker - Missile: 2. 5 -40 km range, maximum missile speed 920 m/s, - Tank detection range: 4 km - Range accuracy: 8 -10 m - Scan angle: ± 30º AZ, ± 20º EL - Target velocity measurement accuracy: 0. 5 m/s - Range accuracy: 8 -10 m - Weight: 16 kg 14

5. PESA Seeker • Commercial T/R modules - API Technologies X-band quad T/R module - Zhuk AE quad X-band T/R module 15

6. PESA Radar • PESA (Passive Electronically Scanned Array) Concept 16

6. PESA Radar • PESA Components - Antenna Phase shifter: digital control Attenuator: digital control Beam-steering computer - Transmitter Klystron: high voltage power source, single point of failure - T/R isolation Circulator, duplexer, switch - Exciter: waveform generator - Receiver: one receiver High dynamic range requrirements Single point of failure - Digital signal processor - System computer 17

6. PESA Radar • T/R Module, Block Diagram 18

6. PESA Radar • PESA Pros and Cons - Electronically scanned beam: e-scan - Short range: all solid-state transmitter - Long range: high-power vacuum tube transmitter - Better than mechanical scan: longer life, more reliable - Pulse type, frequency agile, frequency hopping - Narrow band mode, wide band mode - Can be configured for ECM, passive scanning - Multiple beam forming possible with digital processing! - Compared to AESA Lower cost Lower power consumption Lower internal heating Less reliable: catastrophic single point failure Less capability 19

6. PESA Radar • N 011 M PESA Radar for Su-27 - X-band, 96 cm diameter, slotted planar array - Scan range: ± 70º AZ, ± 45º EL 20

6. PESA Radar • MBDA Meteor BVRAAM - Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile - 18 cm diameter - Advanced active radar seeker: detection, tracking and classification of targets 21

7. AESA Radar • AESA system with data link and multiple sensors 22

7. AESA Radar • Mechanical scanning versus AESA 23

7. AESA Radar • Multi-Function Radar 24

7. AESA Radar • AESA Concept 25

7. AESA Radar • Digital Array Radar (DAR) - Enabled by high levels of integration and Moore's law - Flexibility: software-defined - Real-time signal modification to task and condition - Multiple frequencies simultaneously - Different functions on different sub-arrays - Different signals on different parts of the array: co-located MIMO 26

7. AESA Radar • OFDM DAR 27

7. AESA Radar • AESA Pros and Cons - Electronically scanned beam: e-scan - Multiple beams and multiple frequencies at a time - Fast scan rate - Multiple target tracking - Multiple tasks at the same time - Robust against radar jamming - All solid-state transmitter - Pulse type, frequency agile, frequency hopping - Narrow band mode, wide band mode - Can be configured for ECM, passive scanning. - Compared to PESA More expensive Far greater Internal heating More reliable: graceful degradation 28

7. AESA Radar • AESA Components - Antenna Radiating elements T/R module Beam-former Beam-steering computer - Exciter: waveform generator - Receiver: RF signal digital conversion - Signal processor: target detection - Radar controller: synchronize, control and schedule radar operation 29

7. AESA Radar • AESA Technical Issues - Advanced active array architecture Digital phased array radar system - Polarimetric phased array Dual-polarized phased array - Multi-mission phased array DBF: simultaneous multi-beams Multi-frequencies - System cost - Maintenance considerations 30

7. AESA Radar • Clutter Attenuation in AESA Radar - Limited by hardware instability errors Pulse-to-pulse phase/amplitude errors Intra-pulse noise - Major contributors to the clutter attenuation performance limit ADC 1 st LO HPA LNA Exciter - Active antenna improves system clutter attenuation Errors are de-correlated across distributed HPA/LNA Active antenna clutter attenuation: 57 d. B Passive antenna clutter attenuation: 47 d. B 31

7. AESA Radar • AESA vs PESA - Passive: high-peak power, low duty 1000 elements 1 MW Tx power 1% Tx duty 10 k. W average power 20 k. W prime power at 50% PAE - Active: low-peak power, high duty 1000 elements 5 W T/R module 10% Tx duty 500 W average power 2 k. W prime power at 25% PAE 32

7. AESA Radar • Digital Beam-forming (DBF) in AESA 33

7. AESA Radar • Digital Beam-forming (DBF) in AESA - Signal digitation at the radiating element / sub-array level - Number of beams: limited by computation latency and data throutput - DBF advantages Increased instantaneous dynamic range (IDR): 60 d. B → 77 d. B Improved clutter attenuation 34

7. AESA Radar • Digital Beamforming in AESA - Active digital beamforming - FFT beamforming 35

7. AESA Radar • Pulse Compression - Matched filtering on receive: auto-correlation - Use FIR filter 36

7. AESA Radar • Doppler Processing - Coherent processing interval (CPI) - Processing demands: very low latency → fast memory and parallel processing 37

7. AESA Radar • High-accuracy Ultra-high-speed Signal Processing - Huge range of received signal levels: 100 d. B - Quantization noise level should be well below the receiver noise floor - High precision and high dynamic range of the data path - SNR of 30 d. B for reliable detection • Radar Signal Processing Engine - GPUs - Multicore CPUs: Analog Device Tigersharc, Freescale's Power. PC - DSPs - FPGAs • Signal Processing Processor 38

7. AESA Radar • AESA Signal Processing Chain 39

7. AESA Radar • Doppler Processing - Coherent processing interval (CPI) - Processing demands: very low latency → fast memory and parallel processing 40

7. AESA Radar • Dual-Polarization Configuration Modes - Alternating transmit and simultaneous receive (ATSR) mode - Simultaneous transmit and simultaneous receive (STSR) mode - Alternating transmit and alternating receive (ATAR) mode - Cost comparison parameters RF switch cost Transmit chain cost Receive chain cost Digital beamforming processing Off array signal processor 41

7. AESA Radar • LIG NEX 1 AESA prototype (2010): X-band, 10 W x 500, 32 d. B gain, antenna diameter 590 mm 42

7. AESA Radar • LIG NEX 1 AESA: system block diagram 43

7. AESA Radar • LIG NEX 1 AESA: antenna and T/R module 44

7. AESA Radar • RAVEN ES-05 radar for GRIPEN E multi-role fighter 45

7. AESA Radar • Raytheon AN/APG-79 for F/A-18 E/F 46

7. AESA Radar • Canted antenna arrangement - Coverage improvement - Reduction of the structural mode RCS 47

7. AESA Radar • AESA seeker example - Japan: AAM-4 B missile with J/APG-2 AESA radar seeker - Russian: Upgraded R-77 with AESA seeker • Related information very scarce! 48

8. Automotive Radar • Automotive Radar Frequencies - 24 GHz UWB: 22 -26. 65 GHz , -41 d. Bm/MHz EIRP, 30/80 m range, 20 cm resolution - 24 GHz ISN NB: 24. 05 -24. 25 GHz, +20 d. Bm EIRP, 30/70 m range, 75 cm resolution - 77 GHz: 76 -77 GHz, +50 d. Bm EIRP, 60/250 m range, 25 -100 cm resolution - 79 GHz: 77 -81 GHz, -3 d. Bm/MHz EIRP, 30/80 m range, 4 -8 cm resolution - 122 GHz: 122 -123 GHz, +20 d. Bm/MHz EIRP, 3 m range, 1 -10 mm resolution 49

8. Automotive Radar • Automotive Radar Market - Intense international competition: price, quality, reliability, performance - Huge market, huge production quantities: $12 billion by 2025 - Emerging applications: smart car, self-driving vehicle - Leader-ruled market Sensor MMIC chips: Infineon, STM, NXP Long range radar: Bosch (Germany), HELLA KGa. A (Germany), Continental (Germany), Denso (Japan), Delphi (UK), Autoliv (Sweden), Valeo (France), Conti-Temic, TRW, Hitachi Fujitsu Ten, Mitsubishi Electric Short range radar: Bosch, Tyco (M/A-Com), TDK, s. m. s Gmb. H, Siemens-VDO, Hella Inno. Sent Valeo, MTS Gmb. H, Hitachi 50

8. Automotive Radar • Bosch 3 G Long Range Radar (LRR), 77 GHz Si. Ge MMIC 51

8. Automotive Radar 52

8. Automotive Radar 53

8. Automotive Radar • Bosch 3 G Mid Range Radar (MRR) 54

8. Automotive Radar • APAR (Automotive Phased Array Radar) in Development - A radar system on a chip: a single Si. Ge RFIC package, 77 -81 GHz, 100 m range, ± 50º scan, 16 -element phased array receiver chip 5. 5 × 5. 5 mm 2 - Beamforming phased array: high resolution, high dynamic range, pedestrian detection - R&D Magazine 2014 R&D 100 Award - Toyota Technical Center, Ann Arbor - UC San Diego (Prof. Gabriel Rebeiz): RFIC receiver chip - Fujitsu-Ten - Michigan Technological Research Institute 55

9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar • AN/TPY-2 - X-band AESA, air-transportable, mobile - Fire control radar for land-based ballistic missile defense (THAAD) - High-resolution phased array radar - Upgrade program: Raytheon, hardware and software upgrade, Ga. As replaced with Ga. N - Units 1: Phased array antenna, 2: Electronic equipment, 3: 1. 1 MW prime power unit (diesel generator), 4: Cooling equipment, 5: Operator control unit 56

9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar • AN/TPY-2 57

9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar • AN/TPY-2 Technical Specifications - 8. 55 -10 GHz, 1000 km range, 9. 2 m 2 aperture spanned by 72 subarrays - Solid-state T/R module: 16 W peak power, 3. 2 W average power, 25344 antenna elements - Linear frequency-modulated intra-pulse modulation - Scan angle: ± 53º AZ & EL - Distributed array processor connected to the radar control system via fiber-optic cable - Radiating element: dielectric-loaded below cutoff waveguide fed by high dielectric septum polarizer - Rigid dielectric sandwich radome - Multi-function: Target search, acquisition, track, discrimination Interceptor track In-flight data uplink/downlink Target classification/typing/identification Intercept assessment Forward-based mode: surveillance and detection of a ballistic missile Terminal-based mode: part of THAAD integrated weapon system 58

9. Missile Defense/Guidance Radar • AN/SPY-6(V) AMDR (Air and Missile Defense Radar) - S-band AESA, X-band AN/SPQ-9 B for horizon search, radar controller suite - Ga. N and Ga. As MMIC - Initial testing in 2016, combat system validation in 2017, IOC by 2023 - Adaptive digital beamforming, radar signal processing functionality - Size-scalable aperture Radar Modular Assemblies (RMA): 2'× 2', self-contained radar, time/phasesynchronizable RMAs are combined or stacked to form an aperture of varying sizes. AN/SPY-6: 37 RMAs, 14'× 14' - Platform DDG-51 Flight III destroyer: four AN/SPY-6 panels for 360º coverage 59