Microcontrollers Lecture L 11 2 Microcontrollers Microcontrollers vs
- Slides: 35
Microcontrollers Lecture L 11. 2
Microcontrollers • • Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors Two standard architectures PIC microcontroller 68 HC 12 Microcontroller BASIC Stamp Jstamp What’s the Difference
Microcontrollers • Microprocessor – Performs computing function for different architectures of memory, input/output ports, devices, and communication ports • Microcontroller – Performs computing functions and contains onchip memory, input/output ports, devices, and communication ports. – Resources are limited
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers • Desktop Computers – Different architectures/configurations of memory, devices, and ports – Microprocessor is a general purpose computing machine • Embedded Systems – Includes coffee makers, burglar alarms, TV remote controls, simple robots, etc… – Easier to use a microcontroller with limited functionality and onchip resources • No need to select/design a board with memory, etc… • Ready to program
The PIC Microcontroller • Very common microcontroller • Made by Microchip Technology • Over 180 different microcontrollers • Available in different configurations of on-chip resources • Timers, Drivers for writing to Liquid Crystal Displays, USB and TCP/IP interfaces, temperature sensors, and more • Packaged in 8 - to 84 -pin configurations • Contains from 1 KB to 128 KB memory • Available in 8 and 16 bits
Microcontrollers • PIC controllers have a Harvard Architecture used for Desktop personal computers
Microcontrollers • What do you think are some advantages/disadvantages of these architectures?
PIC
PIC 368 Bytes of Memory for Data 8 KB of Memory For Programs 14 -bit program words
PIC Similar to Lab 10
PIC The Instruction Set
3 Types of instructions
Byte-oriented instructions • ffff – the 7 -bit address for which location in the register file (memory) contains the data of interest • d – if d = 0, then the answer will be stored in the W register, otherwise if d = 1, then the answer will be stored in the memory location selected by ffff.
Byte-oriented instructions If ADDWF is encoded as machine code: 000111 0 0001010 d = 0 memory location = 0 A Memory address d
Byte-oriented instructions If ADDWF is encoded as machine code: 000111 0 0001010 d = 0 memory location = 0 A OPCODE = 070 A W reg is added to RF[0 A] and the answer is placed in W reg
Byte-oriented instructions If ADDWF is encoded as machine code: 000111 1 0001010 d = 1 memory location = 0 A OPCODE = 078 A W reg is added to RF[0 A] and the answer is placed in RF[0 A]
Byte-oriented instructions For ADDWF, we have seen type machine codes: 070 A – add RF[0 A] to W reg and place answer in W reg 078 A – add RF[0 A] to W reg and place answer in RF[0 A] … and there are many more where that came from…
Bit-oriented instructions bbb – selects the bit that will be operated on ffffff – selects the memory location of the data to be operated on For example, BCF encoded as the machine code: 0100 111 0001011 Memory address Bit #
Bit-oriented instructions bbb – selects the bit that will be operated on ffffff – selects the memory location of the data to be operated on For example, BCF encoded as the machine code: 0100 111 0001011 OPCODE = 138 B Bit 7 (MSB) of the Byte in RF[0 B] is cleared to zero
Literal and Control instructions X – means don’t care K’s – the literal Literal means ‘inline data’ like in the 8086 when we used MOV AX, 0 FFFF to move FFFF into AX, FFFF was the Literal or inline data.
Literal and Control instructions X – means don’t care K’s – the literal For example, if ADDLW is encoded as machine code: 111110 00001111 Inline Data
Literal and Control instructions X – means don’t care K’s – the literal For example, if ADDLW is encoded as machine code: 111110 00001111 OPCODE = 3 E 0 F 0 F is added to the value in W reg and the sum is put in W reg
Development Tools for PIC There is a Windows Development Environment for the PIC Controller
BASIC Stamp • Based on 8 -bit PIC • 14 -pin microcontroller • Can be programmed using the BASIC language – It has a BASIC language interpreter built-in
BASIC Stamp
Online Interpreter • Most microcontrollers do not have a built-in interpreter of any kind • Usually source code written in higher level languages are compiled to a microcontrollers machine code • BASIC Stamp is inexpensive and easy to program for small applications
JStamp Directly executes Java bytecodes
What’s the Difference • When selecting a microcontroller there are several factors that need to be considered • There are many microcontrollers available • Each brings advantages and disadvantages
Considerations • Cost – Prototype – Mass Production • Inputs – Correct # of inputs – Digital / Analog
Considerations • Outputs – Correct # of Outputs – Digital / Analog • Processing Speed and Function – Adequate Computational Power – Upgrading a processor due to choosing the incorrect processor can be costly • Rework of written programs
Considerations • Memory – Programs – Data – Enough internal memory and/or can address enough external memory • Ports – Correct ports for communicating with other devices • Parallel • Serial
Considerations • Support – Online Forums • Free source code • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – Support from Vendor – Pre-developed software • Availability – Volumes – lead time
Considerations • Extensibility – Future growth – Avoid changing microcontrollers in future releases • Development Tools – Language (C / BASIC / Java) – Development Environment • Debugging
Considerations • Other technical requirements – Power Consumption • Portable applications – Operating Voltage • Compatible with other circuits
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