Microbiology History Chapter One Microorganisms n Beneficial n

Microbiology History Chapter One

Microorganisms n Beneficial n Environment n Decomposition n Digestion n Photosynthesis n Industry n Food processes n Genetic Engineering n Pathogenic n Food n Health

Classification of Organisms Carolus Linnaeus n 3 Domains n 5 Kingdoms n Prokaryotic n Monera (bacteria) n Eukaryotic n Protista n Fungi n Plantae n Animaliae n Binomial nomenclature n Genus n species

Domain Archaea n No known human pathogens n Cell walls lack peptidoglycan n Extreme Environmental Habitats n Methanogens n Halophiles n Thermophiles

Domain Bacteria n Unicellular n Various Shapes n Cell walls have peptidoglycan n Binary fission n Beneficial vs. pathogenic

Domain Eukarya Fungi Unicellular Yeasts Protista Multicellular Molds Mushrooms Protozoa: Free living Parasitic Plants Algae Unicellular Colonial Simple Multi-celled Animals

Viruses n Acellular n Nucleic Acid n DNA n RNA n Envelope n Classification n Function n Inert outside host

Golden Age of Microbiology n Late 1800’s-early 1900’s n Questions and Theories Developed n Microbial Source n Microbial Processes n Disease source n Disease prevention n Areas of Study n Bacteriology n Immunology n Virology n Epidemiology n Chemotherapy

Early Developments n Robert Hooke n Cell Theory n Early microscope n Antoni Leeuwenhoek n Improved microscope n Microbes viewed

Louis Pasteur n Germ Theory of Disease n Similar disease symptoms n Germ = pathogen n Fermentation n Pasteurization n Father of Microbiology

Joseph Lister n Aseptic Technique n Surgical Site prep with phenol n Continued Handwashing, as previously demonstrated by Semmelweis

Robert Koch Simple Stain technique Solid growth Media Aseptic lab techniques Isolated Bacteria as causative agents for n Anthrax n TB n Cholera n Koch’s Postulates n Series of experimental steps to show that specific organism causes a specific disease n n

Original Koch’s Postulates That the organism could be discoverable in every instance of the disease; That, extracted from the body, the germ could be produced in a pure culture, maintainable over several microbial generations. That the disease could be reproduced in experimental animals through a pure culture removed by numerous generations from the organisms initially isolated; That the organism could he retrieved from the inoculated animal and cultured anew.

Edward Jenner n Vaccination n Cowpox scrapings n Smallpox n Immunology field

John Snow n Cholera Prevention n Father of Epidemiology n First to use anesthesia (ether) during surgery

Florence Nightingale n Nursing care n Hygeine n Improved nurse training

Christian Gram n Differential Staining of cell walls using various dyes n n Gram positive n “purple” Gram negative n “red”

Paul Ehrlich n Chemotherapeutic Agents n Magic Bullet Treatment n Syphilis n Trypanosome n Early Acid Fast staining techniques for TB n Immunological Studies on antisera n Tumor transformation research

Alexander Flemming n Antibiotic penicillin n Lysosome secretion by tissues n Developed titration methods for analyzing body fluids

Microbes in Human Diseases n Normal Flora n In or on body n Beneficial n Normal host defenses protect n Infectious Diseases n Location n Virulence factors n Microbe life cycle causes pathology n Host defenses

Questions?