MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes Domains Bacteria and
MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea Dr. Abdelraouf A. Elmanama Ph. D Microbiology Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University-Gaza 2008
The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea • One circular chromosome, not in a membrane • No histones • No organelles • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission 2008
Domain Bacteria • Proteobacteria • Mythical Greek god, Proteus, who could assume many shapes • Gramnegative 2008
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Human pathogens: • Bartonella • B. hensela Cat-scratch disease • Brucella Brucellosis 2008
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Obligate intracellular parasites: • Ehrlichia. Tick-borne, ehrlichiosis • Rickettsia. Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers 2008 • R. prowazekii Epidemic typhus • R. typhi Endemic murine typhus • R. rickettsii Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
The (alpha) Proteobacteria 2008 Figure 11. 1
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Wolbachia. Live in insects and other animals 2008
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Have prosthecae: • Caulobacter. Stalked bacteria found in lakes • Hyphomicrobium. Budding bacteria found in lakes 2008 Figure 11. 2 & 3
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Plant pathogen: • Agrobacterium. Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor 2008 Figure 9. 17
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Chemoautotrophic: • Oxidize nitrogen for energy • Fix CO 2 • Nitrobacter. NH 3+ NO 2– • Nitrosomonas. NO 2– NO 3– 2008
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: • Azospirillum • Grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants • Fix nitrogen • Rhizobium • Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants 2008 Figure 27. 5
The (alpha) Proteobacteria • Produce acetic acid from ethyl alcohol: • Acetobacter • Gluconobacter 2008
The (beta) Proteobacteria 2008
The (beta) Proteobacteria • Thiobacillus • Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H 2 S SO 42– • Sphaerotilus • Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths 2008 Figure 11. 5
The (beta) Proteobacteria • Neisseria • Chemoheterotrophic, cocci • N. meningitidis • N. gonorrhoeae • Spirillum • Chemoheterotrophic, helical 2008 Figure 11. 4 & 6
The (beta) Proteobacteria • Bordetella • Chemoheterotrophic, rods • B. pertussis • Burkholderia. Nosocomial infections • Zoogloea. Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes 2008
The (gamma) Proteobacteria 2008
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Pseudomonadales: • Pseudomonas • Opportunistic pathogens • Metabolically diverse • Polar flagella • Azotobacter and Azomonas. • Moraxella. 2008 Nitrogen fixing Conjunctivitis Figure 11. 7
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Legionellales: • Legionella • Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers • L. pneumophilia • Coxiella • Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk 2008 Figure 24. 15 b
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Vibrionales: • Found in coastal water • Vibrio cholerae causes cholera • V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis 2008 Figure 11. 8
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Enterobacteriales (enterics): • Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic • Enterobacter • Erwinia • Escherichia • Klebsiella • Proteus • Salmonella • Serratia • Shigella • Yersinia 2008
The (gamma) Proteobacteria 2008 Figure 11. 9 a, b
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Pasteurellales: • Pasteurella • Cause pneumonia and septicemia • Haemophilus • Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors 2008
The (gamma) Proteobacteria • Beggiatoa • Chemoautotrophic, oxidize H 2 S to S 0 for energy • Francisella • Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia 2008
The (delta) Proteobacteria 2008
The (delta) Proteobacteria • Bdellovibrio. Prey on other bacteria • Desulfovibrionales. Use S instead of O 2 as final electron acceptor • Myxococcales. Gliding. Cells aggregate to form myxospores 2008
The (delta) Proteobacteria 2008 Figure 11. 10 a
The (delta) Proteobacteria 2008 Figure 11. 1 b
The (epsilon) Proteobacteria 2008
The (epsilon) Proteobacteria • Campylobacter • One polar flagellum • Gastroenteritis 2008 Figure 11. 1 a
The (epsilon) Proteobacteria • Helicobacter • Multiple flagella • Peptic ulcers • Stomach cancer 2008 Figure 11. 1 b
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria 2008
Cyanobacteria • Oxygenic photosynthesis • Gliding motility • Fix nitrogen 2008
Cyanobacteria 2008 Figure 11. 12 a-c
Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria • Anoxygenic photosynthesis • Purple and green sulfur bacteria 2 H 2 O + CO 2 2 H 2 S + CO 2 2008 light (CH 2 O) + H 2 O + O 2 (CH 2 O) + H 2 O + 2 S 0
Chlamydiae • C. trachomatis • Trachoma • STD, urethritis • C. pneumoniae • C. psittaci • Causes psittacosis 2008
In Bergey's Manual, Volume 5 2008 Figure 11. 22 a
In Bergey's Manual, Volume 5 2008 Figure 11. 22 b
Spirochaetes • Borrelia • Leptospira • Treponema 2008 Figure 11. 23
Bacteroidetes • Anaerobic • Bacteroides. In mouth and large intestine • Cytophaga. Cellulose-degrading in soil 2008
Fusobacteria • Fusobacterium • Found in mouth • May be involved in dental diseases 2008 Figure 11. 24
Firmicutes • Low G + C • Gram-positive 2008
Clostridiales • Clostridium • Endosporeproducing • Obligate anaerobes • Epulopiscium 2008 Figure 11. 14 & 15
Bacillales • Bacillus • Endospore-producing rods 2008 Figure 11. 16 b
Bacillales • Staphylococcus • Cocci 2008 Figure 1. 17
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