Micro Biology NCSCOS Overview Cell Theory The cell

Micro Biology! NCSCOS Overview

Cell Theory • The cell theory states: –All living things are made of cells –Cells are the basic units of life –All cells come from other cells

Cells • Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Cells – Prokaryotic cells lack organelles • Bacteria – Eukaryotic cells contain all different kinds of organelles • Plant, animal, and protist cells

Animal Cells

Animal Cells • • • Nucleus Mitochondria Vacuoles Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies • • • Cell membrane Cytoplasm Lysosomes Centrioles Ribosomes

Plant Cells

Plant Cells • • • Nucleus Mitochondria Vacuoles Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Chloroplast • • • Cell membrane Cytoplasm Lysosomes Cell Wall Ribosomes

Cellular Processes • Cell Division – when one cell makes more cells – Mitosis • One cell makes an exact copy of its nucleus and itself – Meiosis • One cell makes four haploid cells with some of the same DNA

Cellular Processes • Cellular Respiration – – Cells turn their food into energy Glycolysis is the first step Happens in the mitochondria – aka The Powerhouse! Nutrients enter cell through membrane - diffusion • Waste Elimination – Cells get rid of waste (things not needed) – Osmosis is movement of water through membrane – Diffusion is movement of other materials through membrane – In osmosis and diffusion, materials move from high to low concentrations

Cellular Processes • Photosynthesis – Process in which plant cells make their own food (glucose) – Happens in the chloroplast of PLANT cells – Essential to the survival of ALL organisms

Protists • Most protists are unicellular organisms • They are eukaryotic because their cells have organelles • They are usually microscopic • Some are plant-like because they can make their own food • Some are animal like because they have to consume their food

Euglena • A euglena is a unicellular organism that has characteristics of a plant and an animal • It lives in water • It moves using a flagella • A flagella is a whiplike tail • It has an eyespot that can sense light • It gets food from photosynthesis as well as eating other organisms

Euglena

Amoeba • An amoeba is a unicellular organism that has characteristics of an animal • It lives in water • It moves using a pseudopod • A pseudopod is a “blob” of cytoplasm that extends out very slowly • It can catch and eat it’s own food

Amoeba

Paramecium • A paramecium is a unicellular organism that has characteristics of an animal • It lives in water • It moves using cilia • Cilia are tiny hairs that are found along the outside of a paramecium • It can catch it’s own food and eat it using an oral groove • It also has a contractile vacuole so that it does not take in too much water

Paramecium

Volvox • A volvox is a unicellular organism that has characteristics of a plant • It lives in water • It moves using cilia • They live in colonies – forming a sphere • They have chloroplast and make their own food

Volvox

Microbes • Microbes are tiny organisms that are found everywhere • Some microbes are beneficial to humans and some are dangerous to humans • Some examples of microbes are bacteria, protists, and viruses

Bacteria • There are three main types of bacteria – Spirilla (spiral shaped) – Bacillus (rod shaped) – Coccus (sphere shaped) • Have characteristics of living things • Can be helpful, but can also cause infectious diseases (diseases that can be passed to someone else) • Rabies, leprosy, lyme disease, and bacterial meningitis are caused by bacteria

Bacteria • A single bacteria cell reproduce into 2 million cells in a day • Antibiotics are used to kill bacterial infections in humans and other organisms Anti = AGAINST Bio = LIFE

Bacteria • Which is which?

Viruses • Viruses are not living things, but they attack the cells of living things • Viruses need a host cell in order to survive and reproduce • AIDS, the flu, the common cold, chicken pox, measles, and ebola are all caused by a virus • Viruses cannot be treated but can be vaccinated against

Viruses • In order for a virus to reproduce, it must attach to a “host cell” • Then it makes copies of itself making more viruses that can attack more cells!

Contagions • A contagion is simply a disease that can be passed on from person to person • They are also known as infectious diseases • Contagions can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or protists

Mutagens • A mutagen is an agent that can cause a change in the DNA of cell • Usually a mutagen is associated with a disease or a disorder • Cancer is caused by a mutation caused by a mutagen. Therefore, some mutagens are carcinogens

Vectors • A vector is something that spreads diseases without getting sick itself (does not include humans) • Rats, ticks, and mosquitos, are examples of vectors

Treatment • The treatment that we use now for microbes may not be the same treatment that we can use in the future • There is a chance that the mutation of microbes may cause the organisms to “evolve” which would make our current treatments useless

Biotechnology • Continued research into the DNA of microbes could help us – Prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases caused by microbes – Compare our learning to human DNA to help understand the genetic make-up of humans – Help with solutions to environmental problems – Help with production of energy

Biotechnology • Careers in biotechnology are being created to help fulfill industrial, scientific, and technological needs • Biotechnology has helped us understand how bacteria is important in the production of some foods • How might understanding biotechnology help someone in the farming industry?

Biotechnology How might understanding biotechnology help the farming industry in our area? http: //www. pakissan. com/english/advisory/biotechnology/genomics. to. improve. farming. shtml

How are parasites and viruses similar? A. Both are contagious diseases B. Both infect host organisms C. Both reproduce using host cells D. Both break down food using oxygen

Worldwide Cases of Measles Year Measles Cases 1980 3, 800, 000 1985 2, 800, 000 1990 1, 400, 000 1995 800, 000 2000 1, 000 Which is most likely the cause of the decline in measles cases from 1980 to 1990? A. Antibiotics B. Chemotherapy C. Quarantines D. Vaccinations

How are plant and animal cells similar? A. They both have flagella B. They both have a nucleus C. They both have an eyespot D. They both have chloroplasts

A euglena and a paramecium are similar in which ways? A. Both are types of plants B. Both have a cell wall to give them shape C. Both have structures to help them move D. Both produce their own food

Some women who took the drug thalidomide in early pregnancy had babies with severe birth defects. Thalidomide would be considered a A. Antibiotic B. Mutagen C. Vaccine D. Virus

• http: //www. ncpublicschools. org/docs/accoun tability/testing/releasedforms/grade 8 sciencer eleased. pdf • Check number 40

Information about the heredity of a cell is found in which part of the cell? A. Flagellum B. Mitochondrion C. Nucleus D. Vacuole