MICE Introduction Scientific Goals and How MICE operates

MICE Introduction Scientific Goals and How MICE operates MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 1

Why MICE? Based on Muon collider ideas and development (Palmer et al, 92 ->), the Neutrino Factory concept (Geer, 1998) resonated in 1998 with the final demonstration of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations by the Super. K Collaboration. International workshops: NUFACT 99 (Lyon, France) NUFACT 00 (Montery, California) NUFACT 01 (Tsukuba, Japan) NUFACT 02 (London, UK) NUFACT 03 (Columbia, NY, USA). . . . . NUFACT 10 (Mumbai, India) 20 Oct 10 Neutrino Factory is the ultimate tool for study of Neutrino Oscillations -- unique source of high energy ne --reach/sensitivity better by order(s) of magnitude wrt other techniques (e. g. super-beams) for * q 13 * ** matter effects ** *** leptonic CP violation **** ne n and nt **** _ + e+ ne n unique source of high-E ne ‘s MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel NB : leptonic CP violation is a key ingredient in the leading explanations for the mystery of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in our universe 2

Figure 2 A representative compilation of sensitivities of some future long baseline projects. Here the fraction of d. CP where CP violation can be observed at 3 standard deviations is plotted as a function of q 13. T 2 KK: T 2 K 1. 66 MW beam to 270 kton fid volume Water Cherenkov detectors in Japan (295 km) and in Korea (1050 km); DUSEL: a WBB from Fermilab to a 300 kton WC in Dusel (1300 km); SPL 4 Ge. V, EU-BB and BB+SPL: CERN to Fréjus (130 km) project; NF bl is the Neutrino Factory baseline (4000 km and 7000 km baselines) and NF Py+INO represents the concrete baseline from CERN to Pyhasalmi mine in Finland (2285 km) and to INO in India (7152 km); PS 2 -Slanic is a preliminary superbeam study at 1500 km based on an upgrade of PS 2 to 1. 66 MW and a 100 kton Liquid Argon TPC CERN – SPC panel report , SPC meeting, 16. 03. 2010 3

Major challenges tackled by R&D expts High-power target. 4 MW. good transmission MERIT experiment (CERN) Fast muon cooling MICE experiment (RAL) Fast, large aperture accelerator (FFAG) EMMA (Daresbury) MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 4

IONIZATION COOLING principle: this will surely work. . ! reality (simplified) …. maybe… A delicate technology and integration problem Need to build a realistic prototype and verify that it works (i. e. cools a beam) Can it be built? What performance can one get? Difficulty: affordable prototype of cooling section only cools beam by 10%, while standard emittance measurements barely achieve this precision. Solution: measure the beam particle-by-particle state-of-the-art particle physics instrumentation will test state-of-the-art accelerator technology. MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 5

Quantities to be measured in a cooling experiment Measurements of TRANSMISSION EMITTANCE REDUCTION EQUILIBRIUM EMITTANCE for the standard Study II optics are the main deliverables cooling effect at nominal input emittance ~10% equilibrium emittance = 2. 5 mm beam line can deliver 3, , 6, , 10 mm (see Marco’s talk) other values can be reached by offline culling or reweighting curves for 23 MV, 3 full absorbers, particles on crest MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 6

10% cooling of 200 Me. V/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements => measurement precision can be as good as D ( e out/e in ) = 10 -3 never done before either… Coupling Coils 1&2 Spectrometer solenoid 1 Matching coils 1&2 Focus coils 1 Focus coils 2 Focus coils 3 Matching coils 1&2 Spectrometer solenoid 2 Beam PID TOF 0 Cherenkov TOF 1 RF cavities 1 Variable Diffuser Incoming muon beam RF cavities 2 Downstream particle ID: TOF 2 KL, EMR Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1, 2, 3 Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 7

Emittance measurement Each spectrometer + TOF station measures 6 parameters per particle x y t x’ = dx/dz = Px/Pz y’ = dy/dz = Py/Pz t’ = dt/dz =E/Pz Determines, for an ensemble (sample) of N particles, the moments: Averages <x> <y> etc… Second moments: variance(x) sx 2 = < x 2 - <x>2 > etc… covariance(x) sxy = < x. y - <x><y> > Covariance matrix M = Evaluate emittance with: MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel Getting at e. g. sx’t’ is essentially impossible with multiparticle bunch measurements single muon expt Compare ein with eout 8

Sci-fi simulation of the measurement includes noise dead channels etc. . (Malcolm Ellis et al) less than 10 -3 difference between true and reconstructed resolution 440 microns simulations of step VI and emittance measurements have been performed since a long time…. MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel Now tracker has been built … and matches requirements M. Ellis et al, http: //arxiv. org/abs/1005. 3491 9

These dates will be revised in fall 2010 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel see Andy Nichols talk 10

There is a full CAD drawing for each MICE step… all the way to step VI! (detectors, cables, couplers, etc… are not shown) MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 11

THE MICE COLLABORATION -130 collaborators- University of Sofia, Bulgaria The Harbin Institute for Super Conducting Technologies PR China INFN Milano, INFN Napoli, INFN Pavia, INFN Roma III, INFN Trieste, Italy KEK, Kyoto University, Osaka University, Japan NIKHEF, The Netherlands CERN Geneva University, Paul Scherrer Institut Switzerland Brunel, Cockcroft/Lancaster, Glasgow, Liverpool, ICL London, Oxford, Darsbury, RAL, Sheffield, Warwick UK Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Chicago Enrico Fermi Institute, Fermilab, Illinois Institute of Technology, Jefferson Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UCLA, Northern Illinois University, University of Iowa, University of Mississippi, UC Riverside, Muons Inc. USA since March 2010 Y. K. Kim and coll. MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 12

MICE Collaboration across the planet Coupling Coils 1&2 Focus coils Spectrometer solenoid 2 Spectrometer solenoid 1 RF cavities Beam PID TOF 0, TOF 1 Cherenkovs Variable Diffuser Incoming muon beam RF power Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1, 2, 3 Downstream particle ID: TOF 2, KL EMR Trackers 1 & 2 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 13

FUNDING The MICE project is approved and funded for all partners (except Bulgaria) -- Funding is subject to proposals/approvals with finite duration in a number of cases STFC approval/commitment to step VI but yearly review/atributions DOE 5 years plan + yearly attribution NSF: three year approval CH: 2 years proposals INFN review yearly main worry/difficulty across the project is shortage of manpower -- magnet expertise -- control room experts -- scientific/analysis manpower not helped by technical delays MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 14

Other important by-products along the way -- at step III, a spool piece allows easy insertion of slabs of solid materials to measure precisely their effect on beam emittance -- will test materials relevant to neutrino factory Li. H, Carbon, Aluminum Titanium etc… (and simply plastic) (this could conceivably be done in step IV – will be discussed at CM 28) -- at step IV and above, optics in FC can be explored to allow smaller beta functions (down to 5 cm at 140 Me. V/c) to test flip vs non-flip mode -- at step IV a wedge absorber can be tested in place of a flat piece to study effect of -- at step V and VI can test cavities with LN 2 cooling to allow higher gradient (X V 2) with same power MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 15

The specificities of MICE: MICE is a collaboration of accelerator physicists and particle physics experimenters MICE is international Hardware responsibilities: collaborators pay for what they provide. There exist collaborations for specific items: ex: Tracker is a collaboration between UK, US, Japan absorbers are a US-Japan collaboration EMR is a GVA-Como-Trieste-Fermilab collaboration There are no collaboration-wide shared expenses as could be found in large experimental collaborations and there is no common ‘bank’. Common fund is used to pay for consumables and contribution to MICE Hall personnel A few MOU’s have already been signed -- RF sources from Berkeley -- PSI solenoid -- RAL Fermilab MOU A more global MOU is under preparation (M. Bonesini) The software, analysis etc… are freely shared items. MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 16

Status of MICE Steps Color code Ready and operational Funded, under construction and essentially under control Funded, but late or problems/risks involved funded but major technical problem not funded MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 17

Very few changes of responsibilities since MICE proposal Most notable ones: 1. Spectrometer solenoids were taken up from INFN-Genoa to LBNL in fall 2005 2. EMR was taken up from INFN-Trieste to Geneva in Jan 2009 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 18

STEP I Apr 09|Sep 10 Muon beam line responsibility 2 dipoles 9 quads, PS, controls RAL, DL Decay solenoid PSI Decay solenoid cryo and PS, controls RAL Target system Sheffield, DL, RAL Hall infra. , shielding, beam stop RAL data taking and analysis Target in ISIS success! New targets under construction – not closed detectors TOF 0 and TOF 1 MIB INFN, GVA CKOV A, B Mississipi KL calorimeter Roma 3 INFN Front end electronics, DAQ, trigger GVA, INFN Control room MICE-UK Software MICE collab. Beam monitors FNAL, ICL, GVA Detector and installation MICE Project cabling Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel. RAL, DL 19

STEP II/III. 1 Apr 09|Sep 10 Q 3 -Q 4 2011 infrastructure RAL Trackers UK, USA, JP Spectrometer Solenoid. I&II LBNL Magnetic measurements Fermilab or CERNunder discussion Magnetic probes NIKHEF TOF 2 and TOF shielding INFN MIB, GVA Spool piece GVA Absorbers (Li. H…) FNAL Software MICE EMR muon ranger GVA, FNAL, Trieste/Milano prototyped, under construction Power sub-station upgrade RAL, DL under procurement Safety equipment RAL, DL PPS Sept 2010 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 20

STEP IV Apr 09|Sep 10 Liquid Hydrogen infrastructure and controls RAL Focus coil magnet RAL, Oxford FC Magnetic measurements CERN under discussion Liquid hydrogen absorber and instrumentation KEK Liquid Hydrogen and safety windows Mississippi Software MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 21

STEP V Apr 09|Sep 10 2012 -2013 RF in Mag fied R&D MUCOOL NFMCC RF cavities (1+4) LBNL 2 Coupling coils (MUCOOL+ MICE CCI) ICST-HIT, LBNL CCI Magnetic measurements CERN (Discussion) RF Power sources parts 4+4 MW CERN, LBNL RF refurbishment 4+4 MW CERN, DL RF infrastructure 4 cavities DL, RAL Liquid Hydrogen infrastructure (II) RAL Focus coil magnet II RAL, Oxford FC Magnetic measurements UK Liquid hydrogen absorber II KEK Liquid Hydrogen and safety windows II Mississippi RF Shield Fermilab construction at FNAL Software, controls MICE (needs to design controls of cooling channel) 22 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel delayed by CC-0 solution in progress. Layout drawn

STEP VI >2013 Apr 09|Sep 10 RF cavities (4) LBNL Coupling coil (MICE CCII) ICST-HIT, LBNL CCII Magnetic measurements CERN(discussion) RF infrastructure 4 cavities DL, RAL Liquid Hydrogen infrastructure (III) RAL Focus coil magnet III RAL, Oxford FC Magnetic measurements UK Liquid hydrogen absorber III KEK Liquid Hydrogen and safety windows III Mississippi Software, controls MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel (needs to design controls of cooling chanel) 23

Diffuser mechanism (Oxford) EMR plane (Geneva) MICE is a fantastic world-wide team effort! RF Amplifier (Daresbury) absorber windows (Mississippi) Liq. H 2 absorber (KEK) Coupling coil forged mandrel (Harbin China) MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel RF cavities (Berkeley) 24

MICE Organization ~meetings/year in red Technical Board Collaboration board 3 1 rep/institute elects spokesperson reviews EB activity votes on decisions prepared by EB and CF chair: Alan Bross (FNAL) 3 collaboration meetings/yr 1 video conf/month Executive Board 12 spokesperson: A. Blondel deputy M. Zisman (LBNL) Project manager software coord. analysis coord. reps from UK, US, EU, JP manages collaboration life nominates personels reports to CB Editorial board ~3 Dan Kaplan IIT controls quality of publications proposes publication policy Speakers bureau ~3 V. Palladino (INFN) solicits talks at conferences and proposes speakers MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 12 Project manager: A. Nichols (RAL) management of project and Common Fund reports to EB +spokesperson +deputy +software coord. +level 2 WBS coordinators enforces design and safety reviews change control documents exp. design 24 Analysis forum Chair J. Cobb (Oxford) 25

MICE OPERATIONS the MICE Operations Managers (MOM’s) are experienced MICE physicists who take a continuous rota at RAL (3 -4 weeks at a time) to supervise MICE operations. delegation of safety from MICE project Manager (Andy Nichols) delegation of physics objectives from Spokesperson (AB) Work intensive and very demanding, during shutdowns and installation phases and even more during running phases. System has been in place since late 2007. For running periods: -- two shifters in the control room -- people in charge of relevant sub-components ensure on-call presence -- beam line expert (BLOC) on call Very nice results in Sept-December 2009 and June-August 2010 MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 26

Challenges of MICE: (these things have never been done before) 1. Operate RF cavities of relatively low frequency (201 MHz) at high gradient (16 MV/m) in highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields (1 -3 T) dark currents (can heat up LH 2), breakdowns see A. Bross 2. Hydrogen safety (substantial amounts of LH 2 in vicinity of RF cavities) see M. Hills 3. Emittance measurement to relative precision of 10 -3 in environment of RF bkg And… 4. Obtaining funding and resources for R&D towards a facility that is not (yet) in the plans of a major lab MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 27

Further challenges (I) MAGNETS MICE magnets are all made under a similar principle, based on independent cooling of each magnet with cryocoolers Decided early in the MICE history (2004) to save cost and improve spending profile (avoid front-loading UK project with a large cryo-infrastructure) Also makes magnets modular and allows testing at production place. Several failed attempts with first magnets (Spectrometer solenoids at LBNL) have shown this to be very demanding on magnet design and execution MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 28

MICE magnets 1. given that all MICE magnets are concerned by the design it is important to understand the issues associated with the Spectrometer solenoids and their solutions ( thermal model and instrumentation are essential) 2. Problem is now taken VERY SERIOUSLY by LBNL management and team has been considerably re-inforced 3. we are missing an important piece in the MICE system: a MICE-wide magnet expert (replacement of M. Green who is retired) Help is obtained from various sources, though not sure its enough. Repair plan is under way – will be discussed at CM 28 and in consecutive review see T. Bradshaw/S. Virostek talk. MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 29

Further challenges (II) muon rates -- required muon rate is ~50/500 per pulse without (step. I-IV)/with (Step. V-VI) RF -- limitation is irradiation in ISIS due to beam losses induced by MICE target measured in Volts on Beam Line Monitors -- observed rates in MICE 2010 (6 mm beam) 4 TOF 1/ms/V_BLM for - beam, 25 TOF 1/ms/V_BLM for + beam These are PRELIMINARY -- not good muons yet! (expect to lose another factor) following a series of dedicated irradiation runs and measurements of activation ISIS allowed us to run routinely at 2 V and even tried up to 10 V. We are within range for STEPS I-IV further studies on how to get more muons per losses are ongoing MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 30

High beam loss (up to 10 V) tests (14 Aug. ) • https: //micewww. pp. rl. ac. uk/elog/MICE+Log/1449 • https: //micewww. pp. rl. ac. uk/elog/MICE+Log/1447 31

FINAL COMMENTS MICE is a very challenging project, at the frontier between a particle physics experiment and an accelerator physics demonstrator It is a key R&D towards neutrino factory and muon collider Once MICE is built, equipped and completed, will remain competence and equipment for a Muon Cooling Test Facility (M-CTF ) – possibly for a next generation 6 D cooling experiment meanwhile MICE are young, working hard & ingenuously, having fun …. and PUBLISH! 32

MICE Presentations to recent Conferences Since last status report in April 2010 IPAC 2010 Kyoto, Japan May 24 -28 ITPRD Siena, Italy, May Neutrino 2010 14 -20 Jun Athens, Greece ICHEP 2010 21 -28 Jul Paris, France LINAC 2010 12 -17 Sep Tsukuba, Japan First International Particle Accelerator Conference 16 Posters !!!!! 12 th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors MICE Tracker Talk MICE PID Poster (P. Kyberd) (M. Bogomilov) 24 th International Conference On Neutrino Physics And Astrophysics "Status of MICE" Poster A. Bross, “MICE Step I" Poster L. Coney “MICE Step II-VI" Poster P. Snopok 35 th International Conference On High Energy Physics "Status of MICE" “MICE Cooling Measurements" “MICE PID” Poster Y. Karadzhov Poster V. Verguilov Poster M. Bonesini 25 th International Linear Accelerator Conference "Status of MICE" Poster M. Popovic see all MICE publications in MICE-notes 33

SPARES MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 34

MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel MICE step I in the MICE hall 35

MICE HALL is all ready for step II-III MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 36

2010 MOM rota MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 37

From the MICE proposal Given that all detectors and parts of the equipment will not be ready at the same time, one can foresee a development of the experiment in time, to allow a number of preparatory stages. Step I The beam can be tuned and characterized using a set of TOF and particle ID detectors. Step II the first spectrometer solenoid allows a first measurement of 6 D emittance with high precision and comparison with the beam simulation. This should allow a systematic study of the tracker performance. Step III is fundamental for understanding of a broad class of systematic errors in MICE. The two spectrometers work together without any cooling device in between and should measure the same emittance value (up to the small predicted bias due to scattering in the spectrometer material). Step IV, with one focusing pair between the two spectrometers, should give a first experience with the operation of the absorber and a precise understanding of energy loss and multiple scattering in it. Several experiments with varying beta-functions and momentum can be performed with observation of cooling in normalized emittance. Starting from Step V, the real goal of MICE, which is to establish the operation of a realistic cooling channel, will be addressed. Only with Step VI will the full power of the experiment be reached and the cooling precisely measured, MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 38

MICE proposal (Jan 2003) MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 39

MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS For the spectrometer solenoids a measurement plan exists using the Zip-track device at Fermilab (MICE-note 210) with high precision. -- Requires transport and installation of the magnet at Fermilab -- Not easily applicable to the other magnets We are presently evaluating a more portable device proposed by the CERN magnet measurement team (F. Bergsma et al) -- would allow measurements at Wang before shipping -- and in situ at RAL -- of all three kinds of MICE magnets 3 -D Hall probes outer radius: 15 cm (FC) 20 cm (SS) 22 cm (CC) MICE Project Board MPB-I 23 -09 -2010 Alain Blondel 40