Mexico Quick Facts Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2 000

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Mexico

Mexico

Quick Facts Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2, 000 mile shared border 6 -year presidential term

Quick Facts Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2, 000 mile shared border 6 -year presidential term (no re-election) Over 110 million people Oil, remittances, tourism, agricultural exports, manufactured goods • 95% Spanish speakers • Mestizo 60%, “Indian” 30%, “White” 9%, “Other” 1% • • •

Early Political Instability • Independence in 1821 • 75 presidents in first 55 years

Early Political Instability • Independence in 1821 • 75 presidents in first 55 years (1821 – 1876) • Mid-1800 s = Power of the church vs. “Liberalism” • 2 National Dictatorships: Porfiriato (1876 – 1911) & P. R. I.

Mexico After Independence • Political disorder & physical decay • Spaniards expelled from Mexico

Mexico After Independence • Political disorder & physical decay • Spaniards expelled from Mexico • 15 – 30% of adult men unemployed • New members of the upper class • 1800 = 6 million people • 1850 = 7. 6 million people • 1900 = 13. 6 million people

Church and the Military • Church controlled ½ of Mexico’s land • Military dominated

Church and the Military • Church controlled ½ of Mexico’s land • Military dominated national politics • Antonio Lòpez de Santa Anna, president 6 times • Caudillo

U. S. & Mexico • Southwest as periphery • Manifest Destiny • Missions

U. S. & Mexico • Southwest as periphery • Manifest Destiny • Missions

Texas Conflict • Stephen Austin & “Catholic” settlers, 1821 • Mexico’s Emancipation Proclamation, 1829

Texas Conflict • Stephen Austin & “Catholic” settlers, 1821 • Mexico’s Emancipation Proclamation, 1829 • Sam Houston & The Alamo, 1836 • Lone Star Republic • Delayed Annexation

Mexican American War, 1846 -1848 • President Polk vs. Santa Anna • Treaty of

Mexican American War, 1846 -1848 • President Polk vs. Santa Anna • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • $15 million for ½ of Mexico

“La Reforma” • “Conservatives” vs. “Liberals” in Mexico City • Colonial traditions vs. Modernity

“La Reforma” • “Conservatives” vs. “Liberals” in Mexico City • Colonial traditions vs. Modernity • Decreasing the power of the Church

War of the Reform, 1858 -1861 • Benito Juàrez • Leader of La Reforma

War of the Reform, 1858 -1861 • Benito Juàrez • Leader of La Reforma

French Occupation • 1861 = Juàrez issues 2 -year moratorium on European debt •

French Occupation • 1861 = Juàrez issues 2 -year moratorium on European debt • Louis Napoleon III • Battle of Puebla, May 5 th, 1862

Maximilian Hapsburg & Empress Carlota • Defeated by Juàrez • Executed in 1867

Maximilian Hapsburg & Empress Carlota • Defeated by Juàrez • Executed in 1867

“Restored Republic” • Juàrez wins multiple reelections • Election of 1871 • Porfirio Dìaz

“Restored Republic” • Juàrez wins multiple reelections • Election of 1871 • Porfirio Dìaz • Coup against Sebastiàn Lerdo

The Porfiriato, 1876 - 1911 • Strengthened the federal government • 35 -year dictatorship

The Porfiriato, 1876 - 1911 • Strengthened the federal government • 35 -year dictatorship • Rurales • Foreign investment, banking, railroads

Geography & the Economy • North = Cattle ranches, laborers, cowboys, loss of land

Geography & the Economy • North = Cattle ranches, laborers, cowboys, loss of land to railroads • Mexico City = Political center • South & Morelos = Peasants, land seized for sugar plantations

The Revolution: Phase 1 • Young elite left out of political gains • Re-election

The Revolution: Phase 1 • Young elite left out of political gains • Re-election in 1910 • Francisco Madero & Anti. Re-election Party • Plan de San Luìs Potosì • Dìaz flees Mexico in 1911 • Madero elected President in 1912

Emiliano Zapata • Based in Morelos • Interested in democracy and land reform •

Emiliano Zapata • Based in Morelos • Interested in democracy and land reform • Leader of the landless southern peasants • Plan de Ayala

Phase 2: Rise of Huerta, 1913 • Madero’s death, 1913 • General Victoriano Huerta

Phase 2: Rise of Huerta, 1913 • Madero’s death, 1913 • General Victoriano Huerta • Huerta vs. Zapata, Pancho Villa, Carranza

Pancho Villa • Horse thief, rancher, cowboy, bandit • Led army in Northern Mexico

Pancho Villa • Horse thief, rancher, cowboy, bandit • Led army in Northern Mexico

Venustiano Carranza • Elite politician from Coahuila • Plan de Guadalupe

Venustiano Carranza • Elite politician from Coahuila • Plan de Guadalupe

Phase 3: Civil War, 1914 • • The Tampico incident, 1914 Huerta resigns in

Phase 3: Civil War, 1914 • • The Tampico incident, 1914 Huerta resigns in 1914 Carranza takes control Differences between revolutionaries became clear

Phase 4: Carranza Solidifies Power • Obregòn vs. outlaw Villa, 1915 • Zapatistas isolated

Phase 4: Carranza Solidifies Power • Obregòn vs. outlaw Villa, 1915 • Zapatistas isolated in Morelos • Carranza’s Constitution of 1917

Phase 5: Obregòn in Power • Zapata killed in 1919 • Carranza killed by

Phase 5: Obregòn in Power • Zapata killed in 1919 • Carranza killed by his own guards • Villa surrenders in 1920 • 1 -2 million dead, Mexico left in political and economic ruin

Làzaro Càrdenas, 1934 – 1940 • Obscure army officer from Michoacàn • Enlarges power

Làzaro Càrdenas, 1934 – 1940 • Obscure army officer from Michoacàn • Enlarges power of the president • Land Reform of 44 million acres affected 800, 000 Mexican campesinos

Mexican Oil • Mexican laborers vs. U. S. oil companies • Càrdenas nationalized 17

Mexican Oil • Mexican laborers vs. U. S. oil companies • Càrdenas nationalized 17 U. S. oil companies • PEMEX, Petròleos Mexicanos

“Soft Authoritarianism of the PRI” • • • PNR, The Revolutionary National Party, 1929

“Soft Authoritarianism of the PRI” • • • PNR, The Revolutionary National Party, 1929 PRM, Party of the Mexican Revolution, 1938 President Càrdenas & 4 sectors PRI, Institutional Revolutionary Party, 1946 Fraudulant elections, Televisa control Limited competition

Poverty • 2000 = 40% of Mexicans live in poverty • Wealthiest 10% control

Poverty • 2000 = 40% of Mexicans live in poverty • Wealthiest 10% control 40% of Mexico’s national wealth • Inflation • Agricultural exports

NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada, U. S. , and Mexico,

NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada, U. S. , and Mexico, 1994 • Attracted foreign investment • Maquiladoras & outsourcing • Hurt Mexican farmers

 • 600 along the border • GM, Chrysler, Bali, IBM, Honeywell, Panasonic, Motorola,

• 600 along the border • GM, Chrysler, Bali, IBM, Honeywell, Panasonic, Motorola, LG, Mattell, Fisher Price, Ford, Sony, Mercedes, Sanyo, Samsung, Toshiba • $4 - $9 daily wage • Women’s health concerns • Air & water pollution Maquiladoras

A New Era: 2000 election • PRI divided • Vicente Fox, PAN • CEO

A New Era: 2000 election • PRI divided • Vicente Fox, PAN • CEO of Coca Cola Mexico, rancher from Guanajuato • 2000 = Approval ratings of 85%

2006 Election: Return to the Past? • • Felipe Calderòn, PAN vs. Lòpez Obrador

2006 Election: Return to the Past? • • Felipe Calderòn, PAN vs. Lòpez Obrador , PRD. 58% difference in votes 30% believed in election fraud Federales

Drug War

Drug War