Mexico Native Americans and the Spanish Conquest Native

Mexico Native Americans and the Spanish Conquest • Native peoples: Maya, Aztecs, Incas • Spanish conquest—Hernando Cortés lands on Mexican coast in 1519 - Tenochtitlán – Aztec capital - conquest is complete by 1521 • Gold and Silver make it an important colony • 1821 – Mexican Independence Continued. . . NEXT

• Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata lead revolution -1917 constitution gives half of farmland to peasants • Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)—new political party in 1929 - brings stability, but were corrupt • National Action Party’s Vicente Fox becomes president in 2000, Mexico becomes more democratic Continued. . . NEXT

The Aztecs and the Spanish • Cortes and Spanish destroy capital, build Mexico City on ruins • Spanish bring own language, religion - large mestizo population—mixed Spanish, Native American heritage An Architectural Heritage • Native Americans built pyramid temples, palaces • Spanish built missions, huge cathedrals Continued. . . NEXT

Economics: Cities and Factories Employment and Education • A growing population and poor government decisions have created job shortages • Many Mexicans emigrate to US for Work, but have a hard time getting good-paying jobs. • Many families live with extended family – including aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc. to help the family economically survive. NEXT

Central America Mayan • Cities were ruled by god-kings • Trade & religion center of cities - unknown why Maya abandoned many cities in 900 s. The Spanish • Spain ruled until mid-1800 s, then Mexico ruled Central America - Central American countries declared independence from Mexico in 1923 Continued. . . NEXT

Caribbean • In 1492 Columbus thought he’d reached East Indies • Spanish established sugar plantations, used natives as forced labor - disease, mistreatment kill many natives - Spanish bring in African slaves Independence • Haiti independence from France in 1804 • 1898 Spanish-American War gives Cuba independence from Spain in 1902 • Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago don’t become independent from Britain until 1962 NEXT

Culture of Central America • Blends Native American and Spanish Culture of the Caribbean • Blends European African and Native American cultures Religion • Religions include Catholic, Protestant - Voodoo practiced on Haiti; Rastafarianism based in Jamaica Language • Spanish spoken in Cuba (11 mil) Dominican Republic (8. 5 mil) • French spoken in Haiti (6 mil) • English in Jamaica (3 mil) Continued. . . NEXT

Economics • Colonialism left laborers poor while planters got rich • Caribbean’s produce: sugar, citrus, coffee, spices • Central America’s produce: coffee, bananas • Panama Canal connects Atlantic, Pacific Oceans and is an important crossroads of world-trade Continued. . . NEXT

Popular Culture, Tourism, and Jobs • steel drum calypso • reggae music deals with social, religious issues • Population growth means high unemployment • Tourism is important; provides jobs Continued. . . NEXT

Spanish-Speaking South America Inca • Inca—civilization built in the Andes The Spanish Conquest • Pizarro conquers Incas for Spain; wants Incan gold, silver • Forces natives to work mines, farms; many abused, worked to death - moves Inca to plantations, disrupting families, communities Continued. . . NEXT

Independence Movements 1800 s - Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín helped liberate South America • Differing political ideas keeps countries from unifying Government • Instability – changes from oligarchy, democracy, military rule and dictator Cartel - Drug organizations that bring billions of dollars of illegal drugs into the United States Economy • Wide variety of products due to land, climate, vegetation Education • In Chile all children ages 6– 13 attend school; free public Continued. . . education NEXT

Brazil • Treaty of Tordesillas -1494 gives Portugal control of Brazil • No gold, silver, colonists clear forests for sugar plantations - Natives killed, Africans brought in to work Independence • Brazil is a colony of Portugal from 1500 to 1822 - Napoleon invades Portugal in 1807 - Portuguese royal court moves to Brazil • Brazil seeks independence after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 - Brazilians ask Dom Pedro, son of Portugal’s king, to rule - Dom Pedro agrees, declares independence in September 1822 NEXT

A National Culture The People of Brazil • Today 200, 000 native peoples remain in Amazon rain forest Language - Portuguese Religion - Catholic Continued. . . NEXT

Economy Industry • Driven by an abundance of natural resources - Hydroelectric power fuels industry Migration to the Cities • Vast gap between rich & poor; poor seek jobs in cities -1960, 22% lived in cities; 1995, 75% lived in cities • 80% live within 200 miles of ocean Continued. . . NEXT

• Carnival—colorful feast day in Brazil & Caribbean - features music of the samba—Brazilian dance with African influences NEXT