METODOLOGI PENELITIAN SASTRA HOTNIAR SIRINGO LEMBAGA PENELITIAN GD

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN SASTRA HOTNIAR SIRINGO LEMBAGA PENELITIAN GD 4 LT. 1 (418) JALAN MARGONDA RAYA DEPOK http: //hotniar. gunadarma. ac. id hotniars@staff. gunadarma. ac. id siringoniar@gmail. com hotniarsiringo@yahoo. com

REFERENCES 1. David Nunan. Research Methods in Language Learning. 2. Patricia A. Duff. 2008. Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics. Laurence Erlbaum Associates, London 3. Janice A. Radway. 1991. Reading Romance : Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature. University of California Press. 4. Margaret Alston and Wendy Bowles 2003. Research for Social Workers. Allen & Unwin 5. Elinor Scarbrough and Eric Tanenbaum. 2007. Research Strategies in the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press.

Syllaby 1. Kekhususan Penelitian Sastra: �Penelitian dan Kritik Sastra �Penelitian sastra sebagai ilmu �Penelitian Sastra sebagai penelitian Kualitatif 2. Perencanaan dan Persiapan Penelitian 1: �Langkah-langkah pokok Penelitian �Pemilihan masalah dan obyek Penelitian �Penyusunan Hipotesis �Masalah Populasi dan Sampel

2. Perencanaan dan Persiapan Penelitian 2: � Pengembangan dasar-dasar teori 3. Perencanaan dan Persiapan Penelitian 3 �Penulisan Judul �Latar Belakang Masalah �Pentingnya dan kegunaan Penelitian �Tujuan Penelitian �Tinjauan Pustaka �Hipotesis �Metodologi �Daftar Pustaka �Format Penulisan

5. Pendekatan dalam penelitian: � Pendekatan struktural � Pendekatan kesejarahan � Pendekatan filosofis � Pendekatan semiotik � Pendekatan psikologis � Pendekatan sosiologis � Pendekatan eklektikal � Pendekatan antropologi � Penekatan feminisme

PENELITIAN & KRITIK SASTRA �Penelitian sastra : memanfaatkan teori. �Kelemahan : akibat penyederhanaan, eklektisisme, dan penyimpulan yang salah �Keuntungan : peneliti diberi kemudahan �Sifat teori baik: 1. Mudah disesuaikan dengan ciri-ciri karya yang akan dianalisis 2. Mudah disesuaikan dengan metode dan teori yang menyertai

PENELITIAN & KRITIK SASTRA �Sifat teori baik: 3. Dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menganalisis baik ilmu yang sejenis maupun berbeda 4. Memiliki formula yang sederhana, tetapi mengimplikasikan jaringan analisis yang kompleks 5. Memiliki prediksi yang dapat menjangkau objek jauh ke masa depan

Teori dan metode �Teori dan metode adalah alat dan cara penelitian �Teori dan metode adalah hasil penemuan �Teori dan metode adalah ilmu pengetahuan

Indikator perkembangan sastra abad 20 -21 Medium utama sastra adalah bahasa, sedangkan dalam bahasa itu sendiri sudah terkandung problematika yang sangat luas 2. Sastra memasukkan berbagai dimensi kebudayaan, sedangkan dalam kebudayaan itu sendiri juga sudah terkandung permasalahan yang sangat beragam 3. Teori utama dalam sastra sudah berkembang sejak jaman Plato dan Aristoteles, yang dengan sendirinya telah dimatangkan dalam berbagai disiplin, khususnya filasafat 1.

Indikator perkembangan sastra abad 20 -21 4. Kesulitan dalam memahami gejala sastra memicu para ilmuwan untuk menemukan berbagai cara, sebagai teori baru 5. Sragam sastra sangat banyak dan berkembang secara dinamis, kondisi sastra yang juga memerlukan cara pemahaman yang berbeda-beda

CIRI PENELITIAN SASTRA Hipotesis dan asumsi tidak diperlukan sebab analisis bersifat deskripsi, bukan generalisasi. Gejala sastra tidak berulang, makna yang tidak tetap yang justru merupakan hakikat 2. Populasi dan sampel tidak mutlak diperlukan, kecuali dalam penelitian tertentu, misalnya penelitian yang melibatkan sejumlah karya atau konsumen 3. Kerangka penelitian tidak bersifat tertutup, korpus data bersifat terbuka, deskripsi dan pemahaman berkembang terus 1.

CIRI PENELITIAN SASTRA 4. Tidak diperlukan objektivitas dalam pengertian yang umum sebab peneliti terlibat secara terus-menerus, objektivitas terjadi saat penelitian dilakukan 5. Objek yang sesungguhnya bukanlah bahasa, tetapi wacana, teks, sebab sebagai hakikat diskursi bahasa sudah terikat dengan sistem model kedua dengan berbagai sistem komunikasinya.

PARADIGMA PENELITIAN SASTRA �Faktor yang mempengaruhi paradigma peneliti: 1. Unsur dalam diri sendiri 2. Unsur luar berupa lingkungan fisik 3. Unsur luar berupa penjelasan metodologi dan teori � Paradigma ilmiah: 1. Paradigma fakta sosial (Durkheim) 2. Paradigma definisi sosial (Weber) 3. Paradigma perilaku sosial (Skinner)

Faktor yg mempengaruhi paradigma ilmuwan 1. Faktor ontologis, keberadaan objek 2. Faktor epistemologis : cara memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan 3. Faktor aksiologis : penelitian adalah penilaian 4. Faktor metodologis : keseluruhan proses penelitian (termasuk metode, teori, dan teknik)

PENELITIAN KUALITATIF � Analisis isi � Data yang tersedia merupakan bahan yang terdokumentasi (buku, surat kabar, pita rekaman, naskah/manuscript). � Ada keterangan pelengkap atau kerangka teori tertentu yang menerangkan tentang dan sebagai metode pendekatan terhadap data tersebut.

Kuantitatif vs kualitatif Kuantitatif Kualitatif Uji hipotesis dimana peneliti memulai Konsep dalam bentuk variabel berbeda Pengukuran secara sistematis dibuat sebelum pengumpulan data & distandardisasi Menangkap dan menemukan arti ketika peneliti menjadi terbenam dalam data Konsep dalam bentuk tema, motif, generalisasi, dan taksonomi Pengukuran dibuat dalam cara ad hoc dan seringkali khusus terhadap pengaturan individu atau peneliti Pembekalan MP 24 Juli 2008 AKMRTP Globalmedia

Kuantitatif vs kualitatif Kuantitatif Kualitatif Data dalam bentuk angka dari pengukuran yang tepat Teorinya adalah sebabakibat dan deduktif Prosedur adalah standar, dan pengulangan diperhatikan Data dalam bentuk kata dan gambar dari dokumen, pengamatan, dan transkrip Teori dapat berupa sebab-akibat atau bukan dan sering berupa induktif Prosedur penelitian adalah khusus, dan pengulangan sangat jarang Pembekalan MP 24 Juli 2008 AKMRTP Globalmedia

Kuantitatif vs kualitatif Kuantitatif Kualitatif Analisa dilakukan dengan memakai statistik, tabel, atau bagan serta membahas bagaimana memperlihatkan hubungan dengan hipotesis Analisa dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi tema atau generalisasi dari bukti dan pengaturan data untuk memaparkan gambar yang koheren, konsisten Pembekalan MP 24 Juli 2008 AKMRTP Globalmedia

Langkah-langkah Pokok Penelitian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Formulasi Masalah Rancangan Penelitian Pengumpulan Data Analisis Data Interpretasi Hasil Penulisan Laporan Penelitian Diseminasi Temuan

Formulasi Masalah Penelitian �Memutuskan permasalahan yang akan diteliti �Permasalahan penelitian: �Ketertarikan pribadi �Permasalahan sosial �Pengujian teori �Penelitian pendahuluan �Evaluasi program �Dll. oleh Hotniar Siringo

Pembentukan Dan Pengkristalan Masalah �Pengembangan konseptual: identifikasikan definisikan dengan tepat konsep yang menjadi fokus penelitian �Mereview penelitian sebelumnya yang berhubungan dengan topik yang dipilih oleh Hotniar Siringo

Pertanyaan Penelitian �Karakteristik pertanyaan ilmiah: �Pertanyaan harus dalam terminologi yang dapat diamati �Pertanyaan harus diekspresikan sehingga definisi nominalnya tersedia �Cakupan kemungkinan jawaban seharusnya jangan dibatasi �Pertanyaan harus dapat diuji �Jawaban harus penting – paling tidak untuk pihak tertentu oleh Hotniar Siringo

Petunjuk Praktis �Pertanyaan penelitian harus sebisa mungkin spesifik dan dinyatakan dengan ringkas �Jika sejumlah pertanyaan penelitian direncanakan diuji, lebih baik menyusunnya dalam bentuk daftar atau penomoran �Dalam laporan penelitian, pertanyaan penelitian mengalir dalam narasi secara terstruktur (secara logis terhubung dengan review literatur dan tujuan penelitian) oleh Hotniar Siringo

Tujuan Penelitian �Eksploratori: pada umumnya sebagai dasar untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang lebih mendalam. �Dimulai dengan keterbatasan pengetahuan permasalahan dan menghasilkan pengetahuan dalam level keyakinan rendah �Lebih berguna ketika area permasalahan relatif baru oleh Hotniar Siringo

Tujuan Penelitian �Deskriptif: untuk menemukan fakta atau menggambarkan realitas �Menjawab pertanyaan “apa” dan “mengapa” �Memberikan profil akurat tentang suatu grup �Menggambarkan proses, mekanisme atau hubungan �Memberikan gambaran verbal atau numerik (mis : persentase) �Menemukan informasi untuk menstimulasi penjelasan baru �Menciptakan sejumlah kategori atau tipe kalsifikasi �Mengklarifikasi urutan, tahapan atau langkah oleh Hotniar Siringo

Tujuan Penelitian �Prediktif: Fokus pada peramalan, atau membuat proyek kejadian di masa mendatang. �Eksplanatori: Menjawab pertanyaan “mengapa” atau “bagaimana” �Evaluasi: Menentukan efektifitas program Kelayakan penelitian: �Waktu �Biaya/anggaran �Kualifikasi peneliti �Upto date oleh Hotniar Siringo

UNIT ANALISIS �Unit analisis : objek atau elemen spesifik yang karakteristiknya digambarkan data yang dikumpulkan �Individual �Group �Organisasi �Program oleh Hotniar Siringo

DATA �Sumber : �Primer Teknik pengumpulan data �Sekunder memformulasikan permasalahan � Sumber : � Ensiklopedia � buku teks � Handbooks � artikel majalah dan surat kabar dan sejenisnya � Laporan keuangan � Dll. oleh Hotniar Siringo

METODE PENGUMPULAN DATA �Survei: �Wawancara pribadi �Wawancara telepon �Kuesioner �Pengamatan �Langsung �Tidak langsung �Percobaan oleh Hotniar Siringo

SKALA PENGUKURAN Tipe Data: � Klasifikasi, dimana data digunakan hanya untuk mengelompokkan atau respon pendek. Tidak ada tingkatan dalam klasifikasi. � Urutan, dimana angka yang digunakan mempunyai urutan yang berarti. � Jarak, dimana jarak antara angka diurutkan. � Titik asal, serial angka mempunyai titik awal unik yang diindikasikan oleh angka 0. oleh Hotniar Siringo

SKALA PENGUKURAN �Nominal �Ordinal �Interval �Rasio oleh Hotniar Siringo

SUMBER KERAGAMAN PENGUKURAN �Responden �faktor situasional �Pengukur �Instrumen oleh Hotniar Siringo

Proposal Penelitian oleh Hotniar Siringo

Judul penelitian � padat dan ringkas � tidak melebihi 12 kata �Menggambarkan permasalahan yang akan diteliti �Memuat variabel penelitian �Menunjukkan hipotesis penelitian �Tidak perlu menggambarkan metode yang akan digunakan �Tidak perlu menggambarkan unit analisis �Jangan gunakan singkatan oleh Hotniar Siringo

Pendahuluan � latar belakang masalah : ringkas dan padat menjelaskan apa yang melatarbelakangi diperlukannya penelitian. �Rumusan Masalah : merupakan ringkasan dari latar belakang masalah, memuat pertanyaan penelitian �Tujuan Penelitian : menjelaskan apa yang akan dilakukan dihasilkan dari penelitian oleh Hotniar Siringo

Latar belakang masalah � jangan menggunakan kalimat umum. �Langsung ke pokok permasalahan �Gunakan kalimat efektif � 2 -3 paragraf, atau 1 halaman sudah cukup �Pengungkapan permasalahan bisa berdasarkan manfaat yang diharapkan atau berdasarkan research gap yang ada. oleh Hotniar Siringo

Rumusan masalah �Harus bisa dibuat dalam bentuk kalimat tanya �Jawabannya terukur �Tersedia metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikannya �Bukan pertanyaan umum yang sudah ada jawabannya �Merupakan pertanyaan penting, paling tidak untuk pihak tertentu oleh Hotniar Siringo

Contoh : �Berapa besar kepercayaan pemirsa terhadap iklan televisi? � televisi sudah dapat ditemukan di mana-mana �Setiap orang dapat menonton televisi, baik di perkotaan maupun di pedesaan yang sangat tertinggal �Apakah masyarakat pedesaan yang sangat tertinggal dapat menonton televisi? oleh Hotniar Siringo

Landasan Teori �Teori terbaru dari sumber primer : jurnal �Bukan definisi �Teori yang akan digunakan dalam pembahasan, yang juga menunjukkan adanya research gap �Tidak memindahkan secara lengkap huruf dan tanda baca dari sumbernya, tapi dituliskan menggunakan kalimat sendiri dengan tidak mengubah artinya oleh Hotniar Siringo

Landasan Teori �Merujuk artikel yang dibaca dengan menuliskan nama dan tahun �Semakin banyak sumber yang dikutip untuk teori yg sama, teori yg dikutip semakin kuat. �Contoh : oleh Hotniar Siringo

Metode Penelitian �Harus lengkap, sistematis, dan terstruktur �Menjelaskan bagaimana penelitian dilakukan �Pembaca dapat mengulang penelitian persis sama dengan yang dilakukan peneliti �Menjelaskan data, variabel, hipotesis (bila ada), teknik pengumpulan data (jika data primer), atau prosedur percobaan lengkap, dan teknik analisis data. �jenis penelitian: �Kualitatif �kuantitatif oleh Hotniar Siringo

LAPORAN PENELITIAN �Jenis-jenis laporan penelitian: �Monograf �Artikel ilmiah �Laporan ringkas �Laporan untuk administrator dan pembuat keputusan oleh Hotniar Siringo

PENDEKATAN PENELITIAN

Few terms �parole: any particular meaningful use of spoken or written language (also called "performance") �langue: the underlying system of sounds, forms, and rules of combination of a language which make meaningful communication possible (a speaker's implicit knowledge of this system is called "competence")

Few terms �Principle of difference: in any language, difference from other elements in the linguistic system, rather than any positive property or correspondence to something existing outside the linguistic system, establishes identity and thus creates meaning. �Sounds ("phonemes"): compare bag, beg, big, bog, bug �Forms ("morphemes"): compare its and it's �Words ("semanthemes"): compare beautiful and ugly �Sentences ("syntax"): compare Mark loves Mary and Mary loves Mark.

Few terms �Sign : composed of the union of �Signifier: sequence of sounds or marks on a page (e. g. , c-h-a-i -r) �Signified: concept or meaning (idea of a chair) This whole sign stands in an arbitrary relation to its Referent, an externally existing object or action (the actual object on which I am sitting); this relation exists only because it is conventionally agreed upon within a particular language community. Saussure felt that linguists must bracket off the real object, direct their study away from the referent and concentrate solely on the sign in order to fully understand the workings of language

Structuralism Approach �a method of enquiry, applying linguistic theory to a wide array of objects and activities; �heavily influenced by cultural anthropology, especially that of Claude Lévi-Strauss, who studied myths, kinship systems, rituals, etc. �Interested in langue rather than parole, in particular cultural phenomena primarily as these reveal the structures and rules of the general system

Structuralism Approach �Regards signifying systems as culturally variable but the deep laws that govern these as universal, even as rooted in unchanging structures of the human mind (e. g. the creation of meaning through binary opposition--beautiful vs. ugly--and the effort to find a reconciling middle term-the "ugly duckling") �Structuralist literary critics attempt to identify the smallest meaningful units in a work ("mythemes, " "deep structures") and study their modes of combination with a view to understanding how meaning is created rather than interpreting the actual meaning conveyed by the particular text

Structuralism Approach e. g. Vladimir Propp in Morphology of the Folk Tale identified 31 fairy tale elements (e. g. , hero leaves home; hero receives warning or prohibition; hero violates warning; villain discovers essential information about hero; etc. ) which may not all appear in every tale but which always follow certain sequences �A structuralist approach to The Awakening might deal with a topic like "the nature/culture dichotomy, " analyzing the oppositions between sea/land, Grand Isle/New Orleans, Kentucky farm childhood/Creole society adulthood, infatuation/marriage with swimming providing a possible middle term (social activity, bathing suits, controlled passage from land to sea to land) which in the end fails to reconcile the dichotomy (nakedness, land to sea to drowning)

Structuralism Approach �Structuralists are not concerned with consumption of literature, about what happens when people actually read the works, about the role of literature in social relations.

Historical Approach �The relationship of the work to history. �The impact of the work on history and the importance of historical knowledge in understanding a work. �How history and literature inform and affect each other

Historical Approach Charles Busha and Stephen Harter detail six steps for conducting historical research : 1. the recognition of a historical problem or the identification of a need for certain historical knowledge. 2. the gathering of as much relevant information about the problem or topic as possible. 3. if appropriate, the forming of hypothesis that tentatively explain relationships between historical factors.

Historical Approach Charles Busha and Stephen Harter detail six steps for conducting historical research : 4. The rigorous collection and organization of evidence, and the verification of the authenticity and veracity of information and its sources. 5. The selection, organization, and analysis of the most pertinent collected evidence, and the drawing of conclusions; and 6. the recording of conclusions in a meaningful narrative.

Historical Approach Source of information : 1. Primary source (involve logic, intuition, persistence, common sense): �personal diaries �eyewitness accounts of events �oral histories �Secondary sources

Historical Approach Harter and Busha list three principles to consider when conducting historical research: a. Consider the slant or biases of the information you are working with and the ones possessed by the historians themselves. a. This is particularly true of qualitative research. Consider an example provided by Gaye Tuchman: Let us assume that women’s letters and diaries are pertinent to ones research question and that one can locate pertinent examples. One cannot simply read them…. one must read enough examples to infer the norms of what could be written and how it could be expressed. For instance, in the early nineteenth century, some (primarily female) schoolteachers instructed girls in journal writing and read their journals to do so. How would such instruction have influenced the journals kept by these girls as adults? …it is useful to view the nineteenth-century journal writer as an informant. Just as one tries to understand how a contemporary informant speaks from specific social location, so too one would want to establish the social location of the historical figure. One might ask of these and other diaries: What is the characteristic of middleclass female diary writers? What is the characteristic of this informant? How should one view what this informant writes? b. Quantitative facts may also be biased in the types of statistical data collected or in how that information was interpreted by the researcher

Historical Approach 1. There are many factors that can contribute to “historical episodes”. 2. Evidence should not be examined from a singular point of view.

Historical Approach The disadvantages of the historical method: 1. Researchers are likely to be biased in interpreting historical sources. 2. Interpreting sources is very time consuming. 3. Computerized content analysis is costly to quantitatively analyze -- programs of this type take large blocks of computer core time and make analysis much more expensive than standard statistical procedures used in evaluating survey data. 4. The sources of historical materials may well be problematic -- for example women are more likely than men to keep diaries, not all records are kept in consistent patterns, original authors bring their own perspectives and biases to the interpretation of events. 5. Due to the lack of control over external variables, historical research is very weak with regard to the demands of internal validity.

Historical Approach The advantages of historical analysis: 1. The historical method is unobtrusive -- the act of research does not affect the results of the study. 2. The historical method is well suited for trend analysis. 3. Compared to longitudinal designs, content analysis is usually less expensive. 4. There is no possibility of researcher-subject interaction.

Philosophical Approach Disadvantages: 1. This approach is useful for such works as Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man, " which does present an obvious moral philosophy. 2. It is also useful when considering themes of works (for example, man's inhumanity to man in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn). 3. Finally, it does not view literature merely as "art" isolated from all moral implications; it recognizes that literature can affect readers, whether subtly or directly, and that the message of a work--and not just the decorous vehicle for that message--is important.

Philosophical Approach Advantages: 1. Detractors argue that such an approach can be too "judgmental. " 2. Some believe literature should be judged primarily (if not solely) on its artistic merits, not its moral or philosophical content.

Semiotics Approach systematic study of signs and signifying systems (a field of study which frequently uses the method of structuralism); may treat as quasi-languages objects and activities not immediately apparent as signs (often called "codes"; e. g. , "gastronomic code": �"phonemes": elements considered edible (calves' brains but not eye of newt; snails but not insects) �"morphemes": possible combinations of such elements (hot fudge but not gravy on ice cream) �"syntax": order and method of consuming these elements (meat and potatoes before ice cream; use of fork and spoon)

Semiotics Approach 1. Emphasis on langue rather than parole, on how meaning is created in these signifying systems rather than on what the particular meaning is; interested in relational aspects of signifying systems 2. Literary semioticians are particularly interested in poetry, which may be analyzed as foregrounding the signifier, calling attention to its sound appearance on the page, etc. 3. A semiotic approach to The Awakening might deal with a topic like "eating as sign, " studying the relations of all references to eating in the novel, analyzing these into codes to determine their underlying system, possibly relating them to other codes in the novel (e. g. , dress).

Sociological Approach �directed to understanding (or placing) literature in its larger social context; �it codifies the literary strategies that are employed to represent social constructs through a sociological methodology. Sociological criticism analyzes both how the social functions in literature and how literature works in society.

Psychological Approach What the work tells us about the human mind. Literature as a tool of psychoanalysis

Feminism Approach �Feminist scholars differentiate sex from gender and view the latter as a socially/culturally constructed category. �Gender is learned and performed; �it involves the myriad and often normative meanings given to sexual difference by various cultures. �Feminists may differ in the importance they assign to sex, which is a biologically based category, but the idea that gender norms can be changed is central to feminist theory

Feminism Approach �Although sex/gender systems differ cross-culturally, most known societies have used and still use sex/gender as a key structural principle organizing their actual and conceptual worlds, usually to the disadvantage of women. �Hence feminist scholars argue that gender is a crucial category of analysis and that modes of knowledge which do not take gender into account are partial and incomplete.

Feminism Approach �Feminist scholars also seek to question and transform androcentric systems of thought which posit the male as the norm. �In practice this means not only revealing and critiquing androcentric biases, but also attempting to examine beliefs and practices from the viewpoint of the “other, ” treating women and other marginalized groups as subjects, not merely objects.

Feminism Approach �Feminists believe that existing inequalities between dominant and marginalized groups can and should be removed. �Feminist scholarship has an acknowledged and accepted political dimension, as opposed to the hidden political dimension of scholarship that claims to be “neutral” and “objective. ” �With regard to scholarship, the political goal of feminist work is broader than simply a stronger emphasis on women, though that is an important part of it; �the goal is to revise our way of considering history, society, literature, etc. so that neither male nor female is taken as normative, but both are seen as equally conditioned by the gender constructions of their culture (as indeed we, the observers, are).