Metode penelitian Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development 04

Metode penelitian Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development 04 Ajang Mulyadi 1

Pentingnya kerangka pemikiran • Theoretical framework represent your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other ( a model ) concepts and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are associated with each other (a theory) theory • Process of building a theoretical framework : Ø Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your model; Ø Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive representation of your theory; Ø Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for relationships between the variables in your model variabel Hubungan antar variabel Ajang Mulyadi Didasarkan pada teori tertentu 2

Konsep – konstruk - variabel • a concept : is a fundamental category of existence. In contemporary philosophy, there at least three prevailing ways to understand what a concept is: 1) Ø Concepts as mental representations, where concepts are entities that exist in the brain. Ø Concepts as abilities, where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive agents. Ø Concepts as abstract objects, where objects are the constituents of propositions that mediate between thought, language, and referents. • Construct (philosophy of science), a hypothetical object whose phenomenal science • • • existence depends upon a subject's mind Variabel : konstruk atau konsep yang memiliki variasi nilai Variabel : is anything that can take on differing or varying values. An attribute : is a specific value on a variable. entities objects entities 1) Atribut 1 variabel concept Atribut 2 Eric Margolis; Stephen Lawrence. "Concepts". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University. Retrieved 6 November 2012. Ajang Mulyadi 3

Macam-macam Variabel • Tipe nilai/atribut : Ø Continuum: variabel yang nilainya dapat dinyatakan dalam angka Continuum: pecahan; Ø Descrete : variabel yang nilainya hanya dapat dinyatakan dalam Descrete : bilangan bulat; • Posisi/kedudukan : Ø Independent (predictor) atau variabel bebas : adalah variabel yang Independent (predictor) dalam kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita ditempatkan sebagai variabel yang mempengaruhi variabel lain; Ø Dependent (criterion) atau variabel terikat : variabel yang dalam Dependent (criterion) kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita diduga dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas; Ø Moderating : a Moderating : variable that influences or moderates the relation between two other variables and thus produces an interaction effect. Ø Intervening : a Intervening : variable that explains a relation or provides a causal link between other variables. Ajang Mulyadi 4

Workforce diversity Organizational Effectiveness independent Managerial Expertise moderating Workforce diversity independent Creative Synergy Mediating/ intervening Ajang Mulyadi Organizational Effectiveness dependent 5

Komponen Kerangka Pemikiran • A good theoretical framework identifies and defines the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem and subsequently describes and explains the interconnections among these variables; • Basic features : Ø The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly defined; Ø A conceptual model that describes the relationships between the variables in the model should be given; Ø There should be a clear explanation of why we expect these relationships to exist Ajang Mulyadi 6

Penjelasan konsep variabel secara teoritis, sampai menemukan indikator untuk mengukur variabel tersebut Deskripsi kerangka pemikiran Model hubungan antar variabel HIPOTESIS Ajang Mulyadi 7

HIPOTESIS • A hypothesis : a tentative, yet testable, statement, A hypothesis : which predicts what you expect to find in your empirical data; • A hypothesis : as logically conjectured A hypothesis : relationships between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statements • Hypotheses are derived from theory on which your conceptual model is based and are often relational in nature. Ajang Mulyadi 8

FORMAT HIPOTESIS • If-Then Statements : If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently • Directional hypotheses : ü The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees ü Women are motivated than men • Nondirectional hypotheses : ü There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction ü Terdapat perbedaan sikap terhadap profesi guru antara mahasiswa yang berasal dari pedesaan dengan mahasiswa yang berasal dari perkotaan • Null hypotheses (H 0): … set up to be rejected in order to support an alternate hyphotesis. • Alternate hyphotesis : … statement expressing a relationship between two variables, or, indicating differences between groups Ajang Mulyadi 9